Assessment of Costs and Benefits of the Customs Union for Kazakhstan

World Bank

Assessment of Costs and Benefits of the Customs Union for Kazakhstan

Autores

World Bank

Editor

World Bank

Descripción

In 2010, Kazakhstan entered into a customs union with Belarus and Russia. The first, relatively easy step in the implementation of the customs union was accomplished in 2010 with the adoption of a common external tariff, with varying exceptions in each of the three member countries. It is the intention of the customs union to eliminate the exceptions, in phases, by 2015. In fact, the goals of the customs union are much more ambitious than implementation of the common external tariff. The governments of the member countries are working to achieve deep integration in key areas. Clearly, successfully addressing the challenge of reducing trade-facilitation costs is a major task that requires significant institutional development both in Kazakhstan and in the other member countries of the customs union. It is very difficult, however, to assess the probability of success that the customs union will have with the reduction of these costs.

Palabras clave

AGRICULTURAL GOODS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURE, ANTIDUMPING, ANTIDUMPING ACTIONS, APPAREL, AVERAGE TARIFF, AVERAGE TARIFF RATE, BARRIERS TO TRADE, BASE YEAR, BENCHMARK, BILATERAL FREE TRADE, BILATERAL FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, BORDER DELAYS, CAPITAL EQUIPMENT, CAPITAL STOCK, CENTRAL ELASTICITY, CHANGES IN TRADE, COLLECTED TARIFF, COMMON EXTERNAL TARIFF, COMPETITION POLICY, COMPETITIVE GOODS, COMPETITIVE SECTORS, CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, CONSUMERS, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, CURRENCY, CUSTOM UNION, CUSTOMS, CUSTOMS CLEARANCE, CUSTOMS CONTROL, CUSTOMS POSTS, CUSTOMS UNION, CUSTOMS UNION AGREEMENT, DEMAND CURVE, DEMAND CURVES, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DIVERSION OF IMPORTS, DOMESTIC FIRMS, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC SALES, ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES, ECONOMIC COMMUNITY, ECONOMIC DISTORTIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ELASTICITY, ELASTICITY OF DEMAND, ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION, ENDOGENOUS GROWTH, EXPANDING TRADE, EXPORT COSTS, EXPORT MARKETS, EXPORT SHARES, EXPORTERS, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL TARIFFS, EXTERNALITIES, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS, FOREIGN FIRMS, FOREIGN GOODS, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FOREIGN INVESTORS, FOREIGN TRADE, FREE ACCESS, FREE ENTRY, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, FUTURE RESEARCH, GDP, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL, GLOBAL INTEGRATION, GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS, IMPACT OF TRADE, IMPORT DATA, IMPORT DEMAND, IMPORT PRICE, IMPORT SHARE, IMPORT-SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION, IMPORTED INTERMEDIATE, IMPORTING GOODS, IMPORTS, INCREASING RETURNS, INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INTERMEDIATE GOODS, INTERMEDIATE INPUTS, INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS, INTERNAL TRADE, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL STANDARD, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS, LABOR FORCE, LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, LOCAL CONTENT, MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY, MARGINAL COST, MARGINAL COSTS, MARGINAL REVENUE, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET COUNTRIES, MEMBER COUNTRIES, METAL PRODUCTS, MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION, MONOPOLY, MUTUAL RECOGNITION, MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS, NONTARIFF BARRIERS, NONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERS, OIL PRODUCTION, OPEN ECONOMY, OPENNESS, OPTIMAL TARIFFS, PREFERENTIAL ACCESS, PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENT, PREFERENTIAL COMMITMENTS, PREFERENTIAL TRADE, PREFERENTIAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS, PRICE INDEX, PRIMARY FACTORS, PRIMARY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION, PRODUCT STANDARDS, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PRODUCTIVITY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PROTECTION LEVELS, REAL INCOME, RENT SEEKING, RETURN ON CAPITAL, RETURNS TO SCALE, SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS, SPECIALIZATION, STANDARD ERRORS, SUPPLY CURVES, TARIFF-FREE ACCESS, TARIFF CHANGES, TARIFF DATA, TARIFF LINE, TARIFF LINES, TARIFF POLICIES, TARIFF PREFERENCES, TARIFF RATE, TARIFF RATES, TARIFF REVENUE, TARIFF REVENUES, TARIFF-FREE ACCESS, TARIFFS ON TRADE, TECHNICAL REGULATION, TECHNICAL REGULATIONS, TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION, TECHNOLOGY SPILLOVERS, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TOTAL REVENUE, TRADE ARRANGEMENTS, TRADE COSTS, TRADE DATA, TRADE EFFECTS, TRADE FACILITATION, TRADE FLOWS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE MODEL, TRADE MORE, TRADE PARTNERS, TRADE PATTERNS, TRADE POLICY, TRADE VALUE, TRADING PARTNER, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, TRANSITION PERIOD, TRANSITION PERIODS, TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE, TRANSMISSION OF TECHNOLOGY, TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT, VALUE ADDED, VALUE OF EXPORTS, VALUE OF IMPORTS, VALUE OF TRADE, WAGES, WELFARE GAINS, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO, ZERO PROFITS