Greening the Wind : Environmental and Social Considerations for Wind Power Development
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World Bank
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This report identifies good practices
for managing the key environmental and social issues
associated with wind power development and provides advice
on how best to address these issues in project planning,
construction, and operation and maintenance. It provides
detailed background information on wind power, with special
focus on two emerging themes of growing scientific and
public interest: namely the biodiversity-related impacts and
the broader socioeconomic and cultural dimensions of wind
power development. Like wind power itself, the scope of this
report is worldwide although special attention is paid to
the issues characteristic of the Latin America and Caribbean
(LAC) region. While the principal focus is on land-based
wind power, it also briefly addresses the environmental and
social impacts related to off shore wind development. Wind
power today is widely regarded as a key component of an
environmentally sustainable, low-carbon energy future
because it is renewable, requires almost no water, and
generates near-zero emissions of greenhouse gases and other
pollutants. In many parts of the world, wind power has the
potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions from electric power generation, thereby helping to
limit the severe environmental and social consequences of
human-induced climate change. The growth of wind power has
also occurred due to its other positive attributes,
including growing economic competitiveness. The adverse
biodiversity-related impacts of wind power facilities mainly
involve birds, bats, and natural habitats.
Palabras clave
ACCESS ROADS, ACID, ACID RAIN, AIR, AIR POLLUTANTS, AIR POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS, APPROACH, AQUATIC LIFE, ASH, AVAILABILITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIOMASS, BIOMASS COMBUSTION, BIRD MORTALITY, BIRD SPECIES, BIRDS, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON ENERGY, CARBON FOOTPRINT, CARBON FUND, CARBON OFFSET, CARBON SINK, CARBON TECHNOLOGIES, CERTIFIED EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEM, COAL, COAL MINES, COLORS, COMBUSTION, CROP RESIDUES, DESERTS, DIESEL, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION, ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION, ELECTRIC UTILITIES, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY DEMAND, ELECTRICITY FROM WIND, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, EMPLOYMENT, ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, ENERGY NEEDS, ENERGY SOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, FEEDSTOCK, FOG, FOREST, FOREST CLEARING, FOREST EDGE, FOREST EDGES, FOREST PLANTATIONS, FORESTS, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL PRICES, FOSSIL FUELS, FUEL OIL, FUELS, FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE, GAS FLARING, GENERATING CAPACITY, GENERATION CAPACITY, GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY, GHG, GLOBAL CLIMATE, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, GLOBAL WIND POWER, GREEN ENERGY, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GASES, GRID WIND POWER, HEAT, HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES, HYDROPOWER, ICE, IPCC, LARGE WIND TURBINE, LARGE WIND TURBINES, LIFT, LOW-CARBON, METHANE, MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE, MITIGATION ACTIONS, MODERN WIND TURBINES, NATURAL FORESTS, NATURAL GAS, NEGATIVE IMPACT, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NET GREENHOUSE GAS, NUCLEAR POWER, OFFSHORE WIND, OFFSHORE WIND DEVELOPMENT, OFFSHORE WIND FARMS, OFFSHORE WINDS, OIL, OIL SPILLS, ONSHORE WIND, PESTICIDES, PETROLEUM, POLLUTANTS, POLLUTION PREVENTION, POWER FACILITIES, POWER GENERATION, POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES, POWER INVESTMENTS, POWER LINES, POWER PLANTS, POWER PROJECT, POWER SECTOR, POWER TRANSMISSION GRID, PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH, PREVAILING WINDS, RADIOACTIVE WASTE, RAINY SEASON, REDUCING CARBON EMISSIONS, REGIONAL ELECTRICITY, REGIONAL ELECTRICITY GRID, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, RENEWABLE RESOURCES, ROTOR BLADES, ROTORS, SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS, SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE, SCIENTISTS, SEASON, SILVER, SMALLER TURBINES, SOLAR THERMAL, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCE, SYNERGISTIC EFFECT, THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES, TRANSMISSION LINES, TROPICAL ZONES, TROPICS, TURBINE, TURBINE BLADES, TURBINE ROTOR, TURBINE WIND FARM, UNDERGROUND MINES, URANIUM, VEHICLES, VERIFICATION PROTOCOL, VOLATILE PRICES, WATER QUALITY, WEATHER CONDITIONS, WIND, WIND CAPACITY, WIND DEVELOPERS, WIND DEVELOPMENT, WIND ENERGY, WIND FARM, WIND FARM PROJECT, WIND FARMS, WIND GENERATION, WIND INDUSTRY, WIND POWER, WIND POWER CAPACITY, WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT, WIND POWER GENERATION, WIND POWER MARKET, WIND POWER POTENTIAL, WIND POWER PROJECT, WIND PROJECT, WIND PROJECTS, WIND RESOURCE, WIND RESOURCES, WIND SPEED, WIND SPEEDS, WIND TURBINE, WIND TURBINE BLADES, WIND TURBINE TOWERS, WIND TURBINES, WINDS