A City-Wide Approach to Carbon Finance
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Washington, DC
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Urbanization and climate change will
define much of the 21st century. Urbanization leads to
improvement in standards of living, and through the
increased density and service delivery efficiency of cities,
higher growth can be achieved with lower greenhouse gas
emissions. Cities and urban agglomerations house more than
50 percent of the global population and contribute more than
70 percent of Global greenhouse (GHG) emissions. As the
share of urban population grows, sustainable urban
development emerges as an essential component in addressing
climate change. Mitigation often comes at a significant
cost. Carbon finance has an important role to play in
reducing these costs. Carbon finance is accessible through
regulated mechanisms, such as the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) under the
Kyoto Protocol, and through voluntary markets, using the
voluntary carbon standard and climate exchanges. City
authorities, however, have not been able to fully access
market mechanisms for carbon credits.
Palabras clave
ABSORPTION, ACIDIFICATION, AFFORESTATION, AIR, AIR CONDITIONING, AIR POLLUTION, AIR QUALITY, ALTERNATIVE FUELS, ALTERNATIVE ROUTES, ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, APPROACH, ATMOSPHERE, AUTOMOBILES, BIOGAS, BIOMASS, BOILERS, BUS, BUS LANE, BUS STATIONS, BUS SYSTEM, BUS TRANSPORT, BUSES, CALCULATION, CARBON, CARBON CAPTURE, CARBON CONTENT, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON FINANCE, CARBON FUELS, CARBON MARKET, CARBON MARKETS, CARBON MONOXIDE, CARBON NEUTRALITY, CARBON SINK, CARBON TECHNOLOGIES, CARBON TRANSPORT, CARS, CERTIFIED EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, CH4, CHARCOAL PRODUCTION, CITY TRANSPORTATION, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE SYSTEM, CO, CO2, COAL, COAL OIL, COMBUSTION, COMPOSTING, CONDITIONERS, CONGESTION, CONGESTION CHARGING, CONGESTION MITIGATION, CONGESTION REDUCTION, CONGESTION RELIEF, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, CONVERGENCE, CYCLONES, DEFORESTATION, DIESEL, DIESEL GENERATORS, DISPOSABLE INCOME, DISTRICT HEATING, DRIVERS, DRIVING, DROUGHT, EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT, EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS, ELECTRICITY, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, EMISSION, EMISSION ALLOWANCES, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS, EMISSION REDUCTION MEASURES, EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM, EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS ANALYSIS, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY, EMISSIONS SCENARIO, EMISSIONS TRADING PROGRAMS, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES, ENERGY GENERATION, ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY USE, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ETHANOL, FERTILIZERS, FINANCIAL INCENTIVES, FINANCIAL SAVINGS, FLEET MANAGEMENT, FOREST, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUELS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FREIGHT, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL ECONOMY, FUEL EFFICIENCY, FUEL SWITCHING, GASOLINE, GHG, GHGS, GLOBAL EMISSIONS, GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS, GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASES, GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION, GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY, GREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATION, GREENHOUSE GASES, GWP, HEAT DEMAND, HEATING SYSTEMS, HIGHWAY, HIGHWAY SYSTEM, HYBRID VEHICLES, HYDROFLUOROCARBONS, INCINERATION, INSPECTION, IPCC, LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE, LAND USE PATTERNS, LANDFILL, LANDFILL GAS, LANDFILLS, LANES, LOCAL AIR POLLUTION, LOW-CARBON, MARGINAL ABATEMENT, MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST, MASS RAPID TRANSIT, MASS TRANSIT, METHANE, METHANE EMISSIONS, MOBILITY, MODAL SHIFT, MODES OF TRAVEL, N2O, NATURAL GAS, NEGATIVE IMPACTS, NITROUS OXIDE, NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORT, ORGANIC WASTE, OXYGEN, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PASSENGER TRANSPORT, PEDESTRIAN, PEDESTRIAN COMFORT, PEDESTRIAN SAFETY, PERFLUOROCARBONS, PLASTICS, POWER PLANTS, POWER SUPPLY, PRIMARY SOURCES, PRIVATE VEHICLES, PUBLIC SAFETY, PUBLIC TRANSIT, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, RAIL, RAILWAY, RAPID TRANSIT, RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS, REDUCTIONS IN CONGESTION, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, ROAD, ROAD MAINTENANCE, ROAD SPACE, ROADS, ROUTE, SANITATION, SF6, SINK, SOLAR CELLS, STREET LIGHTING, STREETLIGHTS, STREETS, SUBURBAN SPRAWL, SULPHUR, TAXIS, TEMPERATURE, TIRES, TOTAL EMISSIONS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC LIGHTS, TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT, TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, TRAFFIC SIGNALS, TRANSIT, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT NETWORK, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONS, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, TRAVEL TIME, TRAVEL TIMES, TRUCKS, URBAN FORESTRY, URBAN PLANNERS, URBAN TRANSPORT, VEHICLE, VEHICLE FLEETS, VEHICLE FUEL, VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENCY, VEHICLE KILOMETERS, VEHICLE OPERATING, VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS, VEHICLE REGISTRATION, VEHICLE-KILOMETER, VEHICLE-KILOMETERS, VEHICLES, WIND, WIND POWER