Wealth : Crucial but Not Sufficient Evidence from Pakistan on Economic Growth, Child Labor, and Schooling

Hou, Xiaohui

Wealth : Crucial but Not Sufficient Evidence from Pakistan on Economic Growth, Child Labor, and Schooling

Autores

Descripción

The relationship between wealth and child labor has been widely examined. This paper uses three rounds of time-series, cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between wealth and child labor and schooling. The paper finds that wealth is crucial in determining a child's activities, but that this factor is far from being a sufficient condition to enroll a child in school. This is particularly the case for rural girls. Nonparametric analysis shows a universal increase in school enrollment for rural girls from 1998 to 2006. This increase is independent of wealth (measured by per capita expenditure). Multinomial logit regression further shows that wealth is insignificant in determining rural girls' activity decisions. Thus, interventions to increase school enrollment should incorporate broad-targeted, demand-side interventions as well as supply-side interventions.

Palabras clave

ADOLESCENTS, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, BASIC NEEDS, BULLETIN, CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS, CASH TRANSFERS, CHILD EDUCATION, CHILD LABOR, COMPULSORY SCHOOLING, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, DROUGHT, EARTHQUAKE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATION VARIABLES, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATE, ENROLLMENT RATES, FAMILIES, FEMALE TEACHERS, FOOD POLICY, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER GAP, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, INCOME, INTERVENTIONS, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LAND OWNERSHIP, LEARNING, MIDDLE SCHOOL, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NUMBER OF GIRLS, NUMBER OF WOMEN, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POOR, POOR CHILDREN, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POPULATION COUNCIL, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL ACCESS, PRIVATE SCHOOL, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, PROGRESS, QUALIFIED TEACHERS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES, RESIDENCE STATUS, RURAL, RURAL AREA, RURAL AREAS, RURAL BOYS, RURAL CHILDREN, RURAL GIRLS, SAFETY NETS, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS, SEX, SOCIAL SCIENCE, TARGETING, TEACHING, TRANSPORTATION, UNFPA, UNMARRIED GIRLS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN GIRLS, YOUTH