The Welfare Impact of Rural Electrification : A Reassessment of the Costs and Benefits
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Washington, DC : World Bank
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It has long been claimed that rural
electrification greatly improves the quality of life.
Lighting alone brings benefits such as increased study time
and improved study environment for school children, extended
hours for small businesses, and greater security. But
electrification brings more than light. It's second
most common use is for television, which brings both
entertainment and information. The people who live in rural
areas greatly appreciate these benefits and are willing to
pay for them at levels more than sufficient to cover the
costs. However, the evaluation of these and other benefits,
as well as of their distribution, has been sparse. This
report reviews recent methodological advances made in
measuring the benefits of rural electrification (RE) and
commends them. It also notes that the understanding of the
techniques shown in project documents is sometimes weak, and
quality control for the economic analysis in project
documents lacking. This study shows that willingness to pay
for electricity is high, exceeding the long-run marginal
cost of supply. Hence, in principle, RE investments can have
good rates of return and be financially sustainable. But
caveats are in order. The first caveat is that attention
needs to be paid to ensuring least cost supply, including
limiting system losses. Second, continued attention needs to
be paid to achieving the right balance between financial
sustainability and reaching the poor.
Palabras clave
ABSENCE OF CREDIT, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, ACCESS TO ENERGY, ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY, AFFORDABILITY, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, ALLOCATION OF FUNDS, APPROACH, AVAILABILITY, BALANCE, BANK CONDITIONALITY, BANK FINANCING, BANK LENDING, BANK LOANS, BASIC NEED, BIOMASS, BIOMASS ENERGY, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPITAL COST, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, CITIES, CLEAN WATER, CLINICS, COMMUNES, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY DEMAND, COMMUNITY FACILITIES, CONSUMER EDUCATION, COOPERATIVES, COST DIFFERENTIALS, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, COUNTERFACTUAL, CREDIT MARKETS, CROSS-SUBSIDIES, DEBT, DEBT RELIEF, DEMAND CURVE, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, DIESEL, DIESEL GENERATORS, DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS, DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY, ECONOMIC CRITERIA, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION, EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS, EFFICIENT ENERGY USE, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, ELECTRICITY SERVICES, ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, ELECTRICITY TARIFF, ELECTRICITY UTILITIES, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, EMPLOYMENT, ENERGY DEVELOPMENT, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ENERGY SOURCES, ENERGY STRATEGY, ENERGY SUPPLY, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, EXPLOITATION, FAMILIES, FEMALE, FINANCES, FINANCIAL BURDEN, FINANCIAL HEALTH, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, FINANCIAL REFORMS, FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT, FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM, FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, FINANCIAL VIABILITY, FIRST LOAN, FIRST LOANS, FUEL, FUEL SWITCHING, FUELS, GENDER, GENDER ASPECT, GENDER DIMENSIONS, GENDER ISSUES, GENDER POLICY, GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT, GRID CONNECTION, GRID CONNECTIONS, GRID ELECTRICITY, GRID ELECTRIFICATION, GRID EXPANSION, GRID EXTENSION, GRID INTEGRATION, GRID SYSTEMS, HANDICRAFTS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSES, HYDRO POWER, HYDROELECTRIC PLANT, HYDROELECTRIC POWER, HYDROPOWER, ILLEGAL CONNECTIONS, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, INTERVENTIONS, IRRIGATION, KEROSENE, LATIN AMERICAN, LENDER, LINES OF CREDIT, LOAN, NEW COMMUNITIES, NUTRITION, NUTRITION OUTCOMES, PEAK DEMAND, PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY, PHOTOVOLTAIC] SYSTEMS, PILOT PROJECTS, PLANTATIONS, POOR, POOR COMMUNITIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POVERTY FOCUS, POVERTY IMPACT, POVERTY INCIDENCE, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, POWER, POWER DISTRIBUTION, POWER GENERATION, POWER PROJECT, POWER SECTOR, POWER STATION, PRICE OF ELECTRICITY, PRICE OF OIL, RATES OF RETURN, REMOTE AREAS, REMOTE COMMUNITIES, REMOTE LOCATIONS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, REPAYMENT, REPAYMENT PERIODS, RESETTLEMENT, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, RURAL ENERGY, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL INCOME, RURAL INCOME GENERATION, RURAL INCOMES, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT, RURAL POOR, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION, RURAL POWER, RURAL TRANSFORMATION, RURAL VILLAGES, SHOPS, SMALL BUSINESSES, SMALL TOWNS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL FUNDS, SOCIAL IMPACTS, SOCIAL WELFARE, SOLAR ENERGY, SOLAR HOME SYSTEM, SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS, SOLAR PANELS, SOLAR POWER, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, SUBSIDIARY, SUBSIDIZATION, SUPPLY COSTS, SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY, TARGETING, TARIFF LEVELS, TARIFF STRUCTURES, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, THERMAL POWER, TOWNS, TRANSMISSION GRID, TRANSMISSION LINE, TRANSMISSION LINE LOSSES, TRANSPORT, URBAN AREAS, UTILITY COMPANY, VILLAGE, VILLAGES, VOLTAGE, WAR, WIND, WIND POWER, WOMAN