Bridging Divides : Enabling Urban Capabilities
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World Bank, Washington DC
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Cities benefit from two key conditions,
both with direct implications for social, cultural, and
economic integration. One is a large middle class and a
large sector of modest profit-making firms, distinct from a
sharp concentration of incomes and profits. The other is a
well-distributed urban economy: robust neighborhood sub
economies preventing excessive economic concentration in the
center, and good transportation for people and goods- not
only to the center but also transversally. The urban economy
is marked by capture at the top, poorer middle classes,
larger destitute populations, and more crime and conflict.
These challenges, though present in cities the world over,
play out differently in smaller, prosperous cities in Europe
and North America than in megacities in Asia, Africa, and
Latin America. But cities today are also seeing a massive
upgrading of infrastructure in city centers and high value
neighborhoods. One outcome is widespread homelessness and
destitution, even in cities where these problems had become
rare by the mid- to late 20th century. The reasons for this
juxtaposition vary enormously due to the differences among
cities and among the national economies and societies in
which they function. Some cities are sinking under the
weight of the negatives, while others are, more recently,
succeeding. The major challenges that confront cities and
society in general have increasingly strong feedback loops
that disassemble the old civic urban order. Fighting climate
change may well force citizens and immigrants to work
together, regardless of religion, culture, or phenotype.
Palabras clave
ABUSE, ADOLESCENT GIRLS, ADOLESCENTS, ADULT EDUCATION, ADVANCED INFRASTRUCTURE, APARTHEID, ARCHITECTURE, BREAST MILK, BUSINESS DISTRICTS, CATALYSTS, CHILDCARE, CHILDCARE CENTERS, CITIES, CITIZEN, CITIZENS, CITIZENSHIP, CITY CENTERS, CITY GOVERNMENTS, CITY RESIDENTS, CIVIL RIGHTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMUNITIES, COMMUNITY CENTERS, COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE, COUNTRYSIDE, CRIME, CULTURES, DAILY LIFE, DECADES OF WAR, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DISTRICTS, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, ECONOMIC CENTER, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, EMPOWERING WOMEN, ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES, EQUAL RIGHTS, ETHNIC GROUP, ETHNICITY, EVERYDAY LIFE, FAMILIES, FAMILY PLANNING, FEMALE, FOOD INSECURITY, FOOD SECURITY, FOREIGN WOMEN, GENDER, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER RELATIONS, GENTRIFICATION, GHETTO, GHETTOS, HABITAT, HEALTH SERVICES, HOMELESSNESS, HOMES, HOUSEHOLD WORK, HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSES, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RIGHTS, HUSBANDS, IDENTITY, ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRANT, IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION LAW, IMMIGRATION REFORM, INHABITANTS, INTERVENTIONS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LIFE SKILLS, LITERACY, LIVING CONDITIONS, LOCALITIES, MARGINAL AREAS, MEGACITIES, MIGRANT, MIGRANT WOMEN, MIGRANT WORKERS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MINORITY, MOBILITY, MOTHER, MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NEIGHBORHOOD, NEIGHBORHOODS, NORMS, NUTRITION, PHYSICAL ABUSE, POLICE, POLICY MAKERS, POWER, PREGNANT WOMEN, PROGRESS, PUBLIC PARKS, PUBLIC SPHERE, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, RACISM, RAILROADS, RAPID POPULATION GROWTH, REFUGEES, RELIGION, RESIDENTIAL AREAS, ROUTES, RURAL WOMEN, SAFETY, SAFETY NET, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SEWERAGE, SEXUAL ABUSE, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, SEXUAL VIOLENCE, SHADOW REPORT, SHOPS, SKILLED WORKERS, SLUM, SOCIAL CLASS, SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SOCIAL INTEGRATION, SOCIAL MARKETING, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL PROCESSES, SOCIAL RESEARCH, SOCIAL SERVICE, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL STRUCTURE, SOCIAL STRUCTURES, SOCIETIES, SOCIETY, SOCIOLOGY, STREETS, TAX, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC SYSTEMS, TRAININGS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION, TUNNEL, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN COMMUNITY, URBAN CONDITIONS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICY, URBAN ECONOMIES, URBAN ECONOMY, URBAN LIVING, URBAN PLANNING, URBAN POPULATION, URBAN RESIDENTS, URBAN SLUMS, URBAN SPACE, URBAN SYSTEMS, URBANIZATION, VICTIMS, VULNERABILITY, WAR, WARS, WEALTH, WOMAN, WORKFORCE, WORKING CLASS, WORKING CONDITIONS, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUTH