Rural Transport : Improving its Contribution to Growth and Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Poverty reduction is a long-standing
development objective of many developing countries and their
aid donors, including the World Bank. To achieve this goal,
these countries and organizations have sought to improve
smallholder agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA) as part of a broader rural development agenda aimed at
providing a minimal basket of goods and services in rural
areas to satisfy basic human needs. These goods and services
include not only food, health care, and education, but also
infrastructure. As a result, rural transport remains a
constraint to increasing agricultural productivity,
achieving rural growth, and thus alleviating rural poverty.
The first major finding of the review of rural transport
theory and practice is that many of the approaches needed to
improve the impact of rural transport interventions on
poverty reduction are known, particularly from the work of
the Rural Travel and Transport Program (RTTP) of Sub-Saharan
Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP). Unfortunately, many
of the recommended approaches remain untested within
Sub-Saharan Africa beyond the pilot scale, notwithstanding
their influence on rural transport policy and project design
in other operational regions of the Bank. For SSA, these are
missed opportunities. Even where SSA countries have applied
these approaches, institutional and financial sustainability
and scaling up local successes remain significant challenges
for both their agriculture and transport sectors. The second
key finding is that rural households are rarely the point of
focus in the design of rural transport interventions in SSA,
even though a methodology to allow this focus has been
developed and successfully tested in several pilot projects
since the 1980s, the result is that the transport needs of
rural households continue to be analyzed and understood by
means of an indirect assessment of those needs, which means
that most projects have a less than desirable impact on
improving the rural access and mobility situation of such households.
Palabras clave
ACCESS ROADS, ACCESSIBILITY, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION, AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, AID DONORS, BETTER ACCESS TO MARKETS, CAPACITY BUILDING, CASH CROPS, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMERCIAL CROPS, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, COSTS OF TRANSPORT, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, DIVERSIFICATION, DRIVING, DROUGHT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, FARM GROWTH, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, FARM INCOME, FARM INCOMES, FARM PRODUCTION, FARM PRODUCTIVITY, FARM SECTOR, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMING SYSTEMS, FOOD CROPS, FOOD IMPORTS, FOOD INSECURITY, FOOD MARKETS, FOOD POLICY, FOOD PRICE, FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD SECURITY, HIGH TRANSPORT, HIGHWAYS, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMPACT OF TRANSPORT, IMPACT ON POVERTY, INCOME FROM EDUCATION, INCOME GROWTH, INCOME POVERTY, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, INEQUALITY, INFANT MORTALITY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING, INSURANCE, INVESTMENT IN ROADS, IRRIGATION, LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL TRANSPORT, MEANS OF TRANSPORT, MOBILITY, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, NONFARM INCOME, NUTRITION, O&M, POLITICAL INFLUENCE, POOR COUNTRIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION DENSITIES, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION GROWTH, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY FOCUS, POVERTY INCIDENCE, POVERTY LEVELS, POVERTY POVERTY, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTS, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERS, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PROGRAMS, PUBLIC SAFETY, PUBLIC SAFETY NETS, PUBLIC WORKS, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, RESETTLEMENT, RISK MANAGEMENT, ROAD, ROAD IMPROVEMENTS, ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE, ROAD MAINTENANCE, ROAD NETWORK, ROAD SECTOR, ROAD TRANSPORT, ROADS, ROUTES, RURAL, RURAL ACCESS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL COMMUNITY, RURAL CONCERNS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL DISPARITIES, RURAL DWELLERS, RURAL ECONOMY, RURAL FARM, RURAL GROWTH, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL INCOME, RURAL INCOMES, RURAL INEQUALITIES, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE PORTFOLIO, RURAL INSTITUTIONS, RURAL INVESTMENT, RURAL ISSUES, RURAL LABOR, RURAL LABOR MARKET, RURAL LIVELIHOODS, RURAL PEOPLE, RURAL POOR, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, RURAL PROJECTS, RURAL PUBLIC, RURAL ROAD, RURAL ROADS, RURAL SECTOR, RURAL SERVICE, RURAL SERVICE DELIVERY, RURAL SETTINGS, RURAL STRATEGY, RURAL TRANSPORT, RURAL TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES, RURAL TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL TRAVEL, SAFETY, SANITATION, SMALL FARMERS, SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE, SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE, SMALLHOLDER FARMERS, SMALLHOLDER FARMS, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, SPATIAL CONSIDERATIONS, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, SUBSISTENCE, SUBSISTENCE FARMERS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRAFFIC, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES, TRANSPORT ACTIVITY, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT DEMAND, TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT, TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENTS, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS, TRANSPORT NETWORK, TRANSPORT PLANNING, TRANSPORT POLICIES, TRANSPORT POLICY, TRANSPORT POLICY DEVELOPMENT, TRANSPORT PROJECTS, TRANSPORT RESEARCH, TRANSPORT SECTOR, TRANSPORT SERVICE, TRANSPORT SERVICES, TRANSPORT STRATEGIES, TRANSPORT STRATEGY, TRANSPORT SYSTEM, TRANSPORT SYSTEM EFFICIENCY, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES, TRANSPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING, TRANSPORTS, TRAVEL DEMAND, TRAVELERS, VEHICLES