The World Bank's Assistance for Water Resources Management in China
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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China has an ancient tradition of
hydraulic engineering but in the past half century the
intensity of exploitation of water resources has accelerated
as a result of population and economic growth. The three
major issues for Chinese water management are water
shortages, flood control and pollution. The World Commission
on Dams noted that since 1949 the number of large dams in
China had increased from 22 to 22,000, almost half the
global total. China has over 80,000 reservoirs and 240,000
km of dikes. Most rivers and streams are now used for
irrigation, power generation, transport, urban water supply
or waste disposal, some for all of these purposes. The main
constraints to integration of Water Resource Management, or
WRM arise from the interaction of fairly objective needs for
new institutions, incentives and procedures, on the one
hand, and bureaucratic interests and political resistance to
demand management on the other. China s water problems are
not unique, involving a balancing act between economic
growth and resource depletion, protection of the
environment, health and other non-economic objectives,
mediated by strong governments at both central and federal
(provincial levels). This paper focuses on the role that the
World Bank operations have played in changing WRM policy and
strategy during the 1990s.
Palabras clave
ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY, ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSES, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF, AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION, ALLOCATION OF WATER, ANNUAL RUNOFF, APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY, AQUIFERS, AVAILABLE WATER, BASIN DEVELOPMENT, BASINS, BROAD RANGE, BULK WATER, BULK WATER SUPPLY, CAPACITY BUILDING, CATCHMENTS, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, CENTRAL PLANNING, COLLECTION NETWORKS, COLLECTION SYSTEMS, CONDITIONALITY, CONSTRUCTION WORK, CONSUMER SURPLUS, CONVEYING, COST OF WATER, COST RECOVERY, COUNTERPART FUNDING, DAM CONSTRUCTION, DEBT, DEFORESTATION, DEMAND MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DIKES, DISCOUNT RATES, DISPOSABLE INCOME, DOWNSTREAM USERS, DRAINAGE, DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, DRIP IRRIGATION, DROUGHT, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC IMPACT, ECONOMIC VALUE, ELASTICITIES, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, EROSION CONTROL, EVALUATION CRITERIA, EXPLOITATION, FINANCIAL INCENTIVES, FIXED COSTS, FLOOD CONTROL, FLOOD PROTECTION, FLOODING, FLOODS, FORESTRY, FRESHWATER, FRESHWATER RESOURCES, GROUNDWATER, GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT, GROUNDWATER POLLUTION, GROUNDWATER RESERVES, GROUNDWATER RESOURCES, HOUSEHOLDS, HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES, HYDROGEOLOGY, INDUSTRIAL AREAS, INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES, INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT, INVESTMENT COST, INVESTMENT PROGRAM, IRON, IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT, IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT, IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY, IRRIGATION WATER, LAKES, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND RECLAMATION, LARGE DAMS, LEAST COST, MANAGEMENT OF WATER, MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER, NATURAL RESOURCES, OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT, OPERATIONAL POLICIES, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, OVERHEAD COSTS, PERCOLATION, PIPELINE, PLANT OPERATIONS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLLUTERS, POLLUTION, POLLUTION CONTROL, POLLUTION LEVELS, POWER GENERATION, PROJECT MANAGEMENT, PROVINCIAL AGENCIES, PROVINCIAL WATER, PUMPING, RAINFALL, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS, REGULATORY SYSTEMS, RESERVOIRS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESOURCE CONSERVATION, RIVER BASIN, RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT, RIVERS, RURAL WATER, RURAL WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, SECTORAL POLICY, SEWAGE COLLECTION, SNOWMELT, STORAGE CAPACITY, STREAMS, SURFACE WATER, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, SUSTAINABLE USE, TARIFF REFORM, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, THERMAL POWER, TOWN, TRADEOFFS, TRANSACTION COSTS, TREATMENT PLANTS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, URBAN WATER, URBAN WATER SUPPLY, UTILITIES, WASTE DISPOSAL, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, WATER ALLOCATION, WATER ALLOCATIONS, WATER COMPANIES, WATER CONSERVATION, WATER CONSUMPTION, WATER CONVEYANCE, WATER DEVELOPMENT, WATER DISTRIBUTION, WATER INFRASTRUCTURE, WATER INVESTMENTS, WATER MANAGEMENT, WATER MANAGEMENT AGENCIES, WATER POLICIES, WATER POLICY, WATER POLLUTION, WATER PROJECTS, WATER QUALITY, WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS, WATER RESOURCE, WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, WATER RESOURCES, WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, WATER SECTOR, WATER SERVICE, WATER SERVICE PROVISION, WATER SERVICES, WATER SHORTAGES, WATER SOURCE, WATER SOURCES, WATER STRATEGY, WATER SUPPLY, WATER TABLE, WATER TARIFF, WATER TRANSFER, WATER USE, WATER USER, WATER USER ASSOCIATION, WATERS, WATERSHED, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, WELLS, WILLINGNESS TO PAY