Bhutan : Transport Sector Note
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Washington, DC
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Landlocked Bhutan faces unique
challenges, and opportunities as it pursues the development
of its transport sector into the 21st century. Bhutan's
population growth rate is high, rural-urban migration is
accelerating, and, fueled by sustained economic growth, the
country is urbanizing rapidly, giving rise to an expanding
urban middle class, with rising expectations of well-paid
employment, accessible services, and consumption potential.
However, accessibility to a large measure depends on
availability of reliable, and affordable transportation.
Poor rural access is synonymous with rural isolation, and
poverty, while high external and domestic transport costs
constrain the country's economic and social
development. Transportation poses a considerable cost
disadvantage to business and commercial undertakings; road
transport is slow and regularly disrupted by landslides and
flooding; air transport is costly and erratic. Costly
transport is a major factor constraining the development of
tourism, horticultural exports, and agro-processing and
wood-based industries. Sector issues discussed in this
report emerge from a detailed assessment of the transport
system, and an analysis of public expenditures. It discusses
the strategy for improving rural accessibility, and the
central role of roads, and motorized transport for
integrating remote regions and communities into the national
economy; access to regional and global markets, to include
technical support for development, operation, and management
of transport logistics, establishment of a dry port in
Phuentsholing with reefer storage facilities, and,
internationally competitive Druk air cargo rates, especially
for exports of perishable, and high value agricultural
products; transport sector planning and coordination, which
includes specific policy, planning, and investment
recommendations for roads, air transport, urban transport,
and road transport services. It is recommended to consider
recasting the proposed Transport Master Plan as a National
Transport Strategy and Policy Review to identify and analyze
emerging challenges, and constraints in the transport
sector; recommend appropriate strategies, and policies to
address these concerns; and, prepare an implementation plan
for sector modernization, including policy and institutional reforms.
Palabras clave
TRANSPORT SECTOR, ACCESSIBLE SERVICES, RURAL POVERTY, DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS, LAND LOCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATIONS, URBAN EXPANSION, EMPLOYMENT CREATION, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS, TRANSPORTATION COSTS, ROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, INTEGRATED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, MARKET ACCESS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT, TRANSPORT PLANNING, TRANSPORT POLICY, AIR TRANSPORT, AIR CARGO RATES, PORT FACILITIES, URBAN TRANSPORT, ROAD USER CHARGES, STRATEGIC PLANNING, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLICY REFORM, INSTITUTIONAL REFORM, ACCESS ROADS, ACCESS TO MARKETS, ACCIDENTS, ACCOUNTING, ADB, AGRICULTURE, APPRAISAL OF TRANSPORT, ASPHALT, ASSET MANAGEMENT, ASSETS, BITUMEN, BOTTLENECKS, BRIDGE, BRIDGE WIDENING, BUS SERVICES, BUSES, CARGO, COMMERCIAL VEHICLES, CONCRETE, DEPRECIATION, DISTRICT ROADS, DRAINAGE, DRIVER EDUCATION, EARTHWORKS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT, EROSION, EXCAVATORS, FACE VALUE, FARM ROADS, FATALITIES, FEEDER ROADS, FISCAL YEAR, FIXED COSTS, FLOODING, FOOTBRIDGES, FOREST ROADS, FRAMEWORK, FREIGHT, FUEL, GRADIENTS, HAULAGE, HIGHWAY DESIGN, HIGHWAYS, HOUSING, INCOME, INTERNATIONAL ROUGHNESS INDEX, INVENTORY, LABOR COSTS, LANDSLIDES, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, LEGISLATION, LIFE CYCLE COSTS, LOCAL CONTRACTORS, LORRIES, MIDDLE EAST, MIGRATION, MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION, MOTORIZED TRANSPORT, NATIONAL ROADS, NAVIGATION, OPERATING RIGHTS, PASSENGER, PAVEMENT, PAVEMENTS, PAVERS, PEDESTRIANS, POLICE, PORTS, PRIVATIZATION, PRODUCTIVITY, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, RECURRENT EXPENDITURES, RECYCLING, REORGANIZATION, RESURFACING, ROAD BRIDGES, ROAD CONSTRUCTION, ROAD DENSITY, ROAD EXPENDITURES, ROAD IMPROVEMENT, ROAD IMPROVEMENTS, ROAD MAINTENANCE, ROAD ROUGHNESS, ROAD SAFETY, ROAD SURFACE, ROAD SYSTEM, ROAD TRANSPORT, ROAD USER CHARGES, ROADS, ROUGHNESS, ROUTES, ROUTINE MAINTENANCE, RURAL ACCESSIBILITY, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL PEOPLE, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL TRANSPORT, SAND, SAVINGS, SOCIAL SERVICES, STONE, STRUCTURES, SUSPENSION BRIDGES, SUSTAINABILITY, TAXIS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TERRAIN, TIMBER, TOLLS, TOPOGRAPHY, TRACTORS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC GROWTH, TRAFFIC REGULATIONS, TRAFFIC VOLUMES, TRAILS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT AUTHORITY, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT PROJECTS, TRANSPORTATION, TRAVEL TIME, TRUCKS, TRUNK ROADS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN ROADS, URBAN TRANSPORT, URBANIZATION, VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS, VEHICLES, WAGES, WALKING TIME TRANSPORT SECTOR, ACCESSIBLE SERVICES, RURAL POVERTY, DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS, LAND LOCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATIONS, URBAN EXPANSION, EMPLOYMENT CREATION, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS, TRANSPORTATION COSTS, ROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, INTEGRATED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, MARKET ACCESS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT, TRANSPORT PLANNING, TRANSPORT POLICY, AIR TRANSPORT, AIR CARGO RATES, PORT FACILITIES, URBAN TRANSPORT, ROAD USER CHARGES, STRATEGIC PLANNING, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLICY REFORM, INSTITUTIONAL REFORM