World Development Report 2010
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Washington, DC
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Thirty years ago, half the developing
world lived in extreme poverty today, a quarter. Now, a much
smaller share of children are malnourished and at risk of
early death. And access to modern infrastructure is much
more widespread. Critical to the progress: rapid economic
growth driven by technological innovation and institutional
reform, particularly in today's middle- income
countries, where per capita incomes have doubled. Yet the
needs remain enormous, with the number of hungry people
having passed the billion marks this year for the first time
in history. With so many still in poverty and hunger, growth
and poverty alleviation remain the overarching priority for
developing countries. Climate change only makes the
challenge more complicated. First, the impacts of a changing
climate are already being felt, with more droughts, more
floods, more strong storms, and more heat waves-taxing
individuals, firms, and governments, drawing resources away
from development. Second, continuing climate change, at
current rates, will pose increasingly severe challenges to
development. By century's end, it could lead to warming
of 5°C or more compared with preindustrial times and to a
vastly different world from today, with more extreme weather
events, most ecosystems stressed and changing, many species
doomed to extinction, and whole island nations threatened by
inundation. Even our best efforts are unlikely to stabilize
temperatures at anything less than 2°C above preindustrial
temperatures, warming that will require substantial
adaptation. High income countries can and must reduce their
carbon footprints. They cannot continue to fill up an unfair
and unsustainable share of the atmospheric commons. But
developing countries whose average per capita emissions are
a third those of high income countries need massive
expansions in energy, transport, urban systems, and
agricultural production. If pursued using traditional
technologies and carbon intensities, these much-needed
expansions will produce more greenhouse gases and, hence,
more climate change. The question, then, is not just how to
make development more resilient to climate change. It is how
to pursue growth and prosperity without causing
"dangerous" climate change.
Palabras clave
AGGLOMERATION BENEFITS, AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES, AGRICULTURE, AIR, AIR FREIGHT, AIRCRAFT, AIRPORTS, ARTERIES, BARRIER, BASIC EDUCATION, BIG CITIES, BUYERS, CARS, CATALYSTS, CENTRAL PLANNING, CLIMATE CHANGE, COMMON MARKET, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, COMMUTERS, COMPETITIVENESS, CONCENTRATION OF POPULATION, CONGESTION, CONSUMPTION LEVELS, CONTRIBUTIONS, COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE, COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER, CROSSING, CURRENCY, DECENTRALIZATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, DIRECT ACCESS, DISPOSABLE INCOME, DISSEMINATION, DOMESTIC MARKETS, DRINKING WATER, DRIVERS, DYNAMIC ECONOMIES, DYNAMIC ECONOMY, EARNINGS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC IMBALANCE, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, ECONOMIC PROGRESS, ECONOMIC PROSPERITY, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EMISSIONS, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPORTS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN MARKETS, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, FREIGHT COSTS, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GLOBAL MARKET, GLOBAL MARKETS, GLOBALIZATION, GNP, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, HIGHWAY, HIGHWAYS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN SETTLEMENTS, ILLITERACY, IMMIGRATION, IMPORTANT POLICY, INCOME, INCOME DISPARITIES, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME TAX, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INEFFICIENCY, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS, INTERNAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL BORDERS, INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL, INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, JOURNEY, KIDS, LARGE CITIES, LEGAL STATUS, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIFETIME, LITERACY RATES, LIVING STANDARD, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOW INCOME, LOW INCOMES, LOW-INCOME, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MALARIA, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET CONDITIONS, MERCANTILISM, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMIES, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MOBILE PHONE, MOBILITY, MORTALITY, MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONAL LEVELS, NEIGHBORHOODS, NUTRITION, PACE OF URBANIZATION, PER CAPITA INCOMES, PERSISTENT POVERTY, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESPONSE, POOR NATIONS, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION DENSITIES, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION GROWTH, PORTFOLIO, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, PREFERENTIAL ACCESS, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, PROFIT MARGINS, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SERVICES, PURCHASING POWER, RAILWAY, RAILWAYS, RAPID GROWTH, REGIONAL AGREEMENTS, REGIONAL COOPERATION, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, REGIONAL TRADE, REMOTE AREAS, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, RICHER COUNTRIES, ROAD, ROADS, RURAL AREAS, SANITATION, SENIOR, SHARE OF CAPITAL, SLUM DWELLERS, SMALL COUNTRY, SOCIAL POLICIES, SPEEDS, STREETS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TAX SYSTEM, TAXATION, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADES, TRAINS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT CORRIDORS, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORT POLICIES, TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY, TRIP, TRUE, UNDERLYING PROBLEM, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN POPULATION, URBAN POPULATION GROWTH, URBAN SETTLEMENTS, URBANIZATION, URBANIZED COUNTRIES, VALUABLE, WAGES, WAR, WEALTH, WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, WORLD MARKETS, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WORTH, WTO