Survey Techniques to Measure and Explain Corruption
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Reinikka and Svensson demonstrate that,
with appropriate survey methods and interview techniques, it
is possible to collect quantitative micro-level data on
corruption. Public expenditure tracking surveys, service
provider surveys, and enterprise surveys are highlighted
with several applications. While often broader in scope,
these surveys permit measurement of corruption at the level
of individual agents, such as schools, health clinics, or
firms. They also permit the study of mechanisms responsible
for corruption, including leakage of funds and bribery, as
data on corruption can be combined with other data collected
in these surveys.
Palabras clave
SURVEYS, CORRUPTION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, SERVICE PROVIDERS, ENTERPRISES, SCHOOLS, FIRMS, FUNDS, INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, HEALTH CARE, BUREAUCRACY, PAYROLL ACCOUNTABILITY, ANTI-CORRUPTION, ANTICORRUPTION, AUDITING, BASIC EDUCATION, BENEFICIARIES, BRIBERY, BUDGET DECISIONS, BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS, BUREAUCRACY, BUSINESS DECISIONS, CASH FLOWS, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, CITIES, CITIZENS, CIVIL LIBERTIES, CIVIL SOCIETY, CIVIL SOCIETY INVOLVEMENT, CLINICS, CORRUPTION, CORRUPTION DATA, COUNTRY AVERAGES, COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS, COUNTRY DATA, CREDIBILITY, DATA COLLECTION, DATA SOURCES, DECENTRALIZATION, DISTRICTS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC POLICIES, EDUCATION SECTOR, ELECTORAL RULES, EMPLOYMENT, ENTERPRISE SURVEYS, FIGHTING CORRUPTION, FIGURES, FISCAL, FOREIGN AID, FOREIGN POLICY, FOREIGN TRADE, GENERAL PRACTITIONERS, GOVERNMENT INFORMATION, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS, GOVERNMENT RESOURCES, GOVERNMENT'S BUDGET, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH POLICY, HOSPITALS, INCOME, INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION, INFORMAL PAYMENTS, INFORMAL SECTOR, INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS, INTENDED BENEFICIARIES, INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, LEARNING, LEGAL INSTITUTIONS, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL POLITICIANS, MEASURING GOVERNANCE, MIGRATION, OUTREACH, PARENTS, PHYSICIANS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL PROCESS, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC FUNDING, PUBLIC FUNDS, PUBLIC INFORMATION, PUBLIC OFFICIALS, PUBLIC SECTOR, PUBLIC SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION, PUBLIC SPENDING, PUBLIC SUPPORT, QUANTITATIVE DATA, RADIO, REGULATORY SYSTEM, SCHOOLS, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE EMPLOYMENT, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SICK LEAVE, TAX EXEMPTIONS, TAXATION, TEACHERS, UNOFFICIAL ECONOMY, WORKERS