Mangroves as Protection from Storm Surges in a Changing Climate
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Adaptation to climate change includes
addressing sea level rise and increased storm surges in many
coastal areas. Mangroves can substantially reduce the
vulnerability of the adjacent coastal land from inundation
and erosion. However, climate change poses a large threat to
mangroves. This paper quantifies the coastal protection
provided by mangroves for 42 developing countries in the
current climate, and a future climate change scenario with a
one-meter sea level rise and 10 percent intensification of
storms. The benefits of the coastal protection provided by
mangroves are measured in terms of population and gross
domestic product at a reduced risk from inundation; the loss
of benefits under climate change is measured as the
increased population and gross domestic product at risk. The
findings demonstrate that although sea level rise and
increased storm intensity would increase storm surge areas
and the amounts of built resources at risk, the greatest
impact is the expected loss of mangroves. Under current
climate and mangrove coverage, 3.5 million people and
roughly $400 million in gross domestic product of are at
risk. In the future climate change scenario, the vulnerable
population and gross domestic product at risk would increase
by 103 and 233 percent, respectively. The greatest risk is
in East Asia, especially in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Myanmar.
Palabras clave
FLOODING, FISH, WETLAND RESTORATION, LAND USES, ANNUAL LOSS RATE, LAND USES, COASTAL HABITATS, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, TOPOGRAPHY, WETLAND LOSSES, ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES, STORMS, COASTAL PROCESSES, STUDY AREA, HABITATS, MONITORING, SURFACE WATER, SHORELINES, FLOOD PROTECTION, AGRICULTURAL FIELDS, SEA LEVEL RISE, COASTAL ZONE, AGRICULTURAL FIELDS, MANGROVES, COASTAL ZONE, QUALITY, COASTAL MANGROVE, FOREST FLOOR, LAND COVER, WINDS, SHORE, STREAM, SATELLITE DATA, BIOMASS, COASTAL RESEARCH, SEDIMENT, WILDLIFE, COASTAL ZONES, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, LAND SUBSIDENCE, STUDY AREA, SEDIMENTS, FLOODS, SEA LEVEL RISE, CONTAMINANTS, STORM SURGES, CONSTRUCTION, WATER, COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS, COASTAL EROSION, HABITAT CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY, DRAINAGE BASIN, SPECIES, REEF, WAVES, SEA LEVEL RISE, DRAINAGE, ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, INDICATORS, CLIMATE CHANGE, PEAT, ANNUAL LOSS RATE, COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS, TIDAL WATERS, LAND AREA, PRECIPITATION, CLASSIFICATION, COASTAL AREAS, COASTAL MANGROVE, SUBTIDAL ZONES, STORM SURGE, LAND USE, TIDAL WATERS, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, COASTAL EROSION, LAND COVER, REMOTE SENSING, RANGES, WATERSHEDS, FRESH WATER, LEAD, MARSH, VEGETATION, STUDIES, PLANTATION, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, CLIMATE CHANGE, SHRUBS, FRESHWATER, WETLAND VEGETATION, CLIMATE, FORESTS, LAND AREA, MARSHES, SEA‐LEVEL RISE, COASTAL AREAS, FOREST, SUBTIDAL ZONES, PONDS, CORAL REEF, DIKES, ESTUARINE, SALT MARSHES, COASTAL PROTECTION, FOOD, ANNUAL LOSS, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, IMAGES, ISLANDS, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, FISHERIES, DATA SETS, CORAL, TIDAL STAGE, COASTAL ZONES, BOTANY, EROSION, COASTS, OCEANS, LAND, LAND SUBSIDENCE, ECOSYSTEMS, SALINITY, ANALYSIS, MANGROVE, COAST, OBSERVATIONS, ISLAND, GROUNDWATER, ESTUARIES, MITIGATION, TIDAL STAGE, CONSERVATION, WETLAND, SHALLOW‐WATER, ECOLOGY, SALT MARSH, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, CLIMATE CONDITIONS, WETLANDS ECOLOGY, ANNUAL LOSS, RESTORATION, FOREST FLOOR, SEA, SURFACE WATER, WETLAND RESTORATION, COASTAL PROCESSES, WETLANDS, SEA LEVEL, SATELLITE DATA, FRESH‐WATER, RIVER, REMOTE SENSING