Ecosystem Services and Green Growth

Vincent, Jeffrey R.

Ecosystem Services and Green Growth

Autores

Descripción

"Ecosystem services" has become a catch-phrase for the complex connections between the natural environment and human well-being. This paper considers the impact of changes in the supply of ecosystem services, and programs to increase their supply, on near-term growth of gross domestic product. It focuses on the relationship between locally generated versus transboundary services and growth in developing countries, where the highest rates of ecosystem degradation tend to be found. There is a common perception that there is a tradeoff between environmental protection and economic growth, especially in the near term. This perception can make policymakers reluctant to support environmental protection. Where the environment is a source of economically important services, then environmental protection may stimulate growth of gross domestic product instead of reducing it. The paper considers evidence on the economic value of regulating services; the degree to which ecosystems actually supply some of the services they are commonly assumed to supply; and the near-term growth implications of restoring ecosystems, and reducing their loss. This leads to a discussion on the effectiveness of programs intended to reduce ecosystem loss, with a focus on protected areas and payments for ecosystem services, and the effects of these programs on poverty alleviation.

Palabras clave

AFFORESTATION, AGGREGATE LAND, AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, ALTERNATIVE USES, AMOUNT OF LAND, AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, BEACHES, BEARS, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIOLOGICAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION, BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, BIOLOGY, BIOSPHERE, CARBON, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CLEAN WATER, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO, COASTAL DISASTERS, COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS, COASTAL PROTECTION, COASTLINE, COMMERCIAL VALUE, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CONSERVATION AGENCY, CONSERVATION BENEFITS, CONSERVATION DECISIONS, CONSERVATION GROUPS, CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION POLICIES, CONSERVATION POLICY, CONSERVATION PROGRAM, CONSERVATION PROGRAMS, CONSERVATION PROJECTS, CORAL, CORAL REEFS, DEFORESTATION, DEFORESTATION RATE, DEGRADED ECOSYSTEMS, DEMAND FOR LAND, DESERTIFICATION, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES, DOWNSTREAM COMMUNITIES, DROUGHT, ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT, ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES, ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION, ECOLOGICAL SERVICES, ECOLOGY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC VALUE, ECONOMICS, ECONOMISTS, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT, ECOSYSTEM CHANGE, ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION, ECOSYSTEM HEALTH, ECOSYSTEM LOSS, ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT, ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTION, ECOSYSTEM PROTECTION, ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION, ECOSYSTEM SERVICE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, ECOSYSTEMS, EFFECTIVE CONSERVATION, EMISSIONS, EMPIRICAL STUDIES, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL SHOCKS, ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION, ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES, EUTROPHICATION, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, EXTINCTION, FARMING PRACTICES, FARMS, FAUNA, FENCING, FILTRATION, FISH, FISH CATCH, FISHERIES, FISHING, FLOODS, FLORA, FOREST AREA, FOREST BOUNDARY, FOREST CARBON, FOREST CONSERVATION, FOREST COVER, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST ECOSYSTEM, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST POLICY, FOREST RESOURCES, FOREST RESTORATION, FOREST SCIENCE, FOREST SECTOR, FOREST TENURE, FOREST TYPE, FOREST VALUATION, FORESTRY, FORESTS, FRAGILE LANDS, GENETIC, GENETIC RESOURCES, GLOBAL DEFORESTATION, GLOBAL FOREST, GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES, GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT, GLOBAL FORESTS, GOLD, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GASES, HUNTING, INTERNATIONAL FOREST CARBON, ISSUES, LABOR MARKETS, LAND CONSERVATION, LAND ECONOMICS, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND RENTS, LAND USE, LAND USES, LANDSCAPE, LANDSCAPE LEVEL, LANDSCAPES, LOGGING, LOSS OF ECOSYSTEMS, MANGROVE FORESTS, MANGROVES, MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUME, MARINE FISHERIES, MARSHES, MOUNTAINS, MULTIPLIERS, NATIONAL FOREST, NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, NATIONAL FORESTS, NATIONAL PARKS, NATURAL CAPITAL, NATURAL DISASTERS, NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL FORESTS, NATURAL HABITAT, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATURE, OPEN ACCESS, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, PATROLLING, PHARMACEUTICALS, PLANT, POLLINATION, POLLINATORS, POPULATION DENSITY, PP, PRECIPITATION, PRESENT VALUE, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, QUALITY OF WATER, QUOTAS, RAINFALL, RANGELANDS, REAL WAGES, REDUCING EMISSIONS, RESERVES, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, RESTAURANTS, RESTORATION ECOLOGY, ROAD NETWORK, SAND DUNES, SHALLOW LAKES, SOIL EROSION, SOIL FERTILITY, SPECIES, STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES, SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY, TANGIBLE GOODS, THEORETICAL MODELS, THRESHOLDS, TIMBER, TIMBER HARVESTING, TIMBER PRODUCTION, TIMBER SUPPLY, TOURISM, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, TOURISM INDUSTRY, TRADEOFFS, TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS, TREE, TREE PLANTING, TREES, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION, TROPICAL FOREST, TROPICAL FORESTS, TROPICAL STORMS, TROPICS, UNEP, VEGETATION, VILLAGES, WATER QUALITY, WATER TREATMENT, WATERSHED