Crediting Mechanisms Overview
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This document provides a summary
assessment of (presented) scaled-up crediting instruments as
well as existing project-based crediting schemes against a
number of important general characteristics of such
instruments. Its purpose is to provide insights that may
inform the design and use of possible scaled-up crediting
instruments. This summary assessment begins with an
examination of proposals for scaled-up crediting mechanisms.
It considers existing crediting instruments, that is, (i)
Kyoto project mechanisms (clean development mechanism (CDM)
and joint implementation (JI)); and (ii) voluntary emission
reductions (VER) schemes (in the non-compliance and
voluntary markets). The characteristics (or issues) covered
are: (i) national and international circumstances for
market-based mechanisms and how these interact; (ii)
coverage and boundary setting; (iii) participation and
incentives for participation; (iv) caps, baselines, and
allocations (or issuance); (v) market integrity and
credibility; (vi) monitoring, reporting, and verification
(MRV); (vii) program authority and administration; and
(viii) potential scaling up modalities.
Palabras clave
ABATEMENT, ABSOLUTE EMISSIONS, ACCOUNTING, AFFORESTATION, AIR, ALLOWANCES, ATMOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GAS, AUCTION, BASELINE EMISSIONS, BASELINE METHODOLOGIES, BID, BIDS, BROKERS, CALCULATION, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPS, CARBON, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON FINANCE, CARBON FOOTPRINT, CARBON FUNDS, CARBON MARKET, CARBON PRICE, CARBON TRADING, CATERING, CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLIMATE, CLIMATE ACTION, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE AGREEMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, CLIMATE EXCHANGE, CO, CO2, COMMODITY MARKETS, CONSUMER GOODS, CREDIBILITY, CREDIT SYSTEM, CURRENCY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DOMESTIC EMISSIONS, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC OFFSETS, DOMESTIC SOURCES, DUE DILIGENCE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECOSYSTEM, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, ELECTRICITY SECTOR, EMISSION, EMISSION FACTORS, EMISSION REDUCTION, EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS, EMISSION REDUCTION OUTCOMES, EMISSION REDUCTION UNITS, EMISSION REDUCTIONS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS COMMITMENTS, EMISSIONS CONTROL, EMISSIONS INTENSITY, EMISSIONS OBLIGATIONS, EMISSIONS REDUCTION, EMISSIONS TARGETS, ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FOREST, FOREST ECOSYSTEM, FOREST PROJECTS, FOREST SECTOR, FORESTRY, FOSSIL FUELS, GHG, GOLD, GREENHOUSE, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GREENHOUSE GAS LEVELS, GREENHOUSE GASES, HOLDING, HOST COUNTRIES, HOST COUNTRY, HOST GOVERNMENT, HOT AIR, INSTRUMENT, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL CARBON MARKET, INTERNATIONAL CARBON MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS, INTERNATIONAL MARKET, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, INVENTORIES, INVENTORY, ISSUANCE, ISSUANCES, LACK OF CREDIBILITY, LAND USE, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, MARKET DEMAND, MARKET INFORMATION, MARKET MECHANISM, MARKET MECHANISMS, MARKET PARTICIPANTS, MARKET PLAYERS, MARKET REGULATORS, MARKET SUPPLY, MARKETPLACE, MITIGATION ACTIONS, NATIONAL GRID, OFFSET MITIGATION, POWER GENERATION, POWER PLANTS, PRICE DISCOVERY, PRICE SCHEDULE, PRIVATE BANKS, PRIVATE FINANCE, PURCHASING, REGISTRY SYSTEM, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, RESERVE, RETAIL, REVERSE AUCTION, SALE, SCENARIOS, SPREAD, SUPPLIERS, SUPPLY CHAIN, SUPPLY CHAINS, SUPPLY OF CREDITS, SUPPLY SIDE, SURETY, TARGET MARKET, TRADABLE CREDITS, TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSPARENCY, UNCERTAINTIES, UNEP, VERIFICATION OF EMISSION REDUCTIONS, VOLUNTARY EMISSION, VOLUNTARY EMISSIONS, WARRANTS