Reshaping Egypt's Economic Geography : Domestic Integration as a
            Development Platform

World Bank

Reshaping Egypt's Economic Geography : Domestic Integration as a Development Platform

Autores

World Bank

Editor

Washington, DC

Descripción

This report investigates Egypt's regional economic growth, explores the causes for geographically unbalanced development, and proposes policy options to make unbalanced growth compatible with inclusive development. Regional disparities in income and consumption may be attributed to differences in natural endowments and geographical location, but unbalanced growth is mostly due to economies of scale, spillover effects, and the lower transaction costs that result from agglomeration. In Egypt, despite rapid progress in most welfare indicators in lagging regions, there are still substantial gaps in consumption and opportunities between growth poles and the rest of the country. Adopting integration as a development platform is not simple because spatial disparities are spanned in three dimensions: urban/rural dichotomies, the upper Egypt/lower Egypt duality, and the differences between large metropolises and the rest of the country. This typology of instruments underlies the menu of options presented in this report as the basis of domestic spatial integration as a development platform to achieve more balanced and equitable development without sacrificing growth. This report first identifies the gaps in consumption and in opportunities, showing the stark contrasts between regions and how they evolve through time. It then explores the causes of the gaps, revealing a multiplicity of factors and exposing the complexity of the problem. Finally, the bulk of the report presents the policy options to address the integration challenges.

Palabras clave

ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO SANITATION, ACCESS TO SERVICES, ADEQUATE NUTRITION, AFFORDABLE HOUSING, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AIR, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, ALLOCATIONS ACROSS REGIONS, ANTENATAL CARE, BABIES, BASIC EDUCATION, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAR, CARIBBEAN REGION, CARS, CITIZENS, CLEAN WATER, CONGESTION, CONGESTION COST, CONGESTION COSTS, CONGESTION INDEX, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, CONSUMPTION BASKET, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, COST OF TRANSPORT, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, CREDIT MARKETS, DEMAND FOR ROAD TRAVEL, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, DRIVING, EARLY CHILDHOOD, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, EFFECT OF CONGESTION, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, EQUAL ACCESS, EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY, EXTERNALITIES, EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS, FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD PRODUCTION, GASOLINE, GASOLINE PRICE, GASOLINE TAXES, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH EXPENDITURE, HEALTH SERVICES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSING, HOUSING ALTERNATIVES, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ILLEGAL PARKING, ILLITERACY, ILLITERACY RATE, IMMUNIZATION, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INEQUALITY, INFORMATION SYSTEM, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS, INSPECTION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, LABOR FORCE, LAGGING REGIONS, LAND ASSETS, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND RECLAMATION, LAND SCARCITY, LAND TITLING, LAND USE, LANDHOLDINGS, LARGE CITIES, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE, LOCAL ROADS, MARITAL STATUS, MASS TRANSIT, METROPOLITAN REGION, METROPOLITAN TRANSPORT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, MILEAGE, MOBILITY, MODAL SHIFT, MORTALITY, MOTHER, NATAL CARE, NATIONAL LEVEL, NUMBER OF ADULTS, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, NUTRITION, ODOMETER, OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIVIDUALS, PATRONAGE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POLLUTION, POOR FAMILIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR PEOPLE, POOR PERSON, POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, POPULATION DENSITIES, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION SIZE, POSTNATAL CARE, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY RATE, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRENATAL CARE, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PROGRESS, PUBLIC SERVICE, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC SPENDING, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUALITY OF LIFE, RATE OF GROWTH, RATES OF GROWTH, REGIONAL ALLOCATION, REGIONAL COMPARISON, REGIONAL CONTEXT, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, REGIONAL DIMENSION, REGIONAL DISPARITIES, REGIONAL DISPARITY, REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION, REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH, REGIONAL FACTORS, REGIONAL GAPS, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, REGIONAL LOCATION, REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE, REMOTE LOCATIONS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS, RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS, RING ROAD, RISING CONSUMPTION, ROAD, ROAD CONGESTION, ROAD DESIGN, ROAD IMPROVEMENT, ROAD NETWORK, ROAD QUALITY, ROADS, RURAL, RURAL AREA, RURAL AREAS, RURAL FAMILIES, RURAL GAP, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL WELFARE, SANITATION, SCHOOL AGE, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOLING, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SERVICE PROVISION, SMALL FARMER, SMALL FARMERS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SPATIAL STRATEGIES, SPILLOVER, SUBSISTENCE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, TAX, TEACHER RATIO, TOLLS, TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC CONGESTION, TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT, TRANSPARENCY, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRAVEL TIME, TRAVEL TIMES, TRUE, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, UPPER INCOME GROUPS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN CENTERS, URBAN COMMUNITIES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN MIGRATION, URBAN WOMEN, URBANIZATION, VACCINES, VEHICLE, VICIOUS CYCLE, WEALTH, WELFARE INDICATOR, WELFARE MEASURES, WORKER PRODUCTIVITY, WORKING-AGE POPULATION