Structural Transformation and Productivity Growth in Africa
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Uganda’s economy underwent significant
structural change in the 2000s whereby the share of
non-tradable services in aggregate employment rose by about
7 percentage points at the expense of the production of
tradable goods. The process also involved a
12-percentage-point shift in employment away from small and
medium enterprises and larger firms in manufacturing and
commercial agriculture mainly to microenterprises in retail
trade. In addition, the sectoral reallocation of labor on
these two dimensions coincided with significant growth in
aggregate labor productivity. However, in and of itself, the
same reallocation could only have held back, rather than
aid, the observed productivity gains. This was because labor
was more productive throughout the period in the tradable
goods sector than in the non-tradable sector. Moreover, the
effect on aggregate labor productivity of the reallocation
of employment between the two sectors could only have been
reinforced by the impacts on the same of the rise in the
employment share of microenterprises. The effect was also
strengthened by a parallel employment shift across the age
distribution of enterprises that raised sharply the
employment share of established firms at the expense of
younger ones and startups. Not only was labor consistently
less productive in microenterprises than in small and medium
enterprises and larger enterprises across all industries
throughout the period, it was also typically less productive
in more established firms than in younger ones.
Palabras clave
JOBS, EMPLOYMENT, GROWTH RATE, MONETARY POLICY, MOTIVATION, PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, PRODUCTION, AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY, EMPLOYMENT SHARE, INFORMAL SECTOR, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, INCOME, PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT, SERVICE SECTOR, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, SERVICE INDUSTRIES, TRADE BARRIERS, AGE GROUP, ELASTICITY OF DEMAND, INFORMATION, PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES, EXPORTS, ELASTICITY, POLITICAL ECONOMY, JOB‐CREATION, WELFARE, JOB, AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY, FIRM‐ SIZE, AGE GROUPS, DISTRIBUTION, VARIABLES, MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY, INPUTS, RETAIL TRADE, REAL WAGES, PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE, EMPLOYMENT SIZE, FREE TRADE, WAGE GROWTH, JOB LOSSES, TRENDS, DRIVERS, DEVELOPMENT, PER CAPITA INCOMES, LABOR MARKET, PER CAPITA INCOME, EMPLOYMENT LEVELS, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, EXPORT GROWTH, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, AGE‐GROUPS, FIRM LEVEL, WORKER, GROUP WORKER, PRODUCTIVITY, EXPORT LED GROWTH, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INCREASING RETURNS, ORGANIZATIONS, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, GROWTH RATE, AGE GROUP, OPEN ECONOMY, LABOR, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT SHARE, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, TAXES, UNEMPLOYMENT, LABOR MARKET, JOB‐DESTRUCTION, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, VALUE ADDED, WORKERS, PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS, WAGES, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, REAL WAGE, HIGH EMPLOYMENT, VALUE, COMPETITIVENESS, CREDIT, MACROECONOMICS, PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION, AGE GROUPS, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, OCCUPATION, ECONOMY, AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION, PRODUCTIVE FIRMS, ECONOMIC RENTS, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, JOB CREATION, AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT, GROUP WORKER, MEASUREMENT, SHARES, ECONOMIC THEORY, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, MANPOWER, MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, TRADE, GDP, EXPORT‐LED GROWTH, GOODS, THEORY, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ENTRY COSTS, GROWTH RATE, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, PRODUCTIVITY GAP, INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND, EMPLOYEE, PRODUCT MARKETS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, PRODUCTIVITY GAINS, LABOUR, AGGREGATE EMPLOYMENT, UNSKILLED LABOR, SELF‐EMPLOYMENT, SMALL BUSINESSES, PRICES, LABOR REALLOCATION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, EMPLOYEES