Urbanization and the Geography of Development

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dc.creatorHenderson, J. Vernon
dc.date2014-04-02T19:38:45Z
dc.date2014-04-02T19:38:45Z
dc.date2013-11
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:51:05Z
dc.descriptionThis paper focuses on several interrelated key questions on the geography of development. Although we herald cities with their industrial bases as 'engines of growth,' does industrialization in fact drive urbanization?1 What economic activities do cities of different sizes undertake? Does this change as countries develop? If so, what are the policy implications? Do development policies have a big-city bias? If so, what does this imply for growth and inequality, and what are appropriate place-based policies? Should countries have policies concerning optimal city sizes or city-size distributions? Urbanization is central to the development process. Employment shifts out of agriculture into industry, and industrial production proceeds most effectively in cities, with their agglomeration economies. Cities are thus viewed as engines of growth. While such relationships appear in the data, the process is not straightforward. Among developing countries, changes in income or industrialization correlate only weakly with changes in urbanization. This suggests that policy and institutional factors may also influence the urbanization process, weakening the link between industrialization and urbanization. The relationship between industrialization and urbanization is absent in Sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, the author will look at city sizes and city-size distributions. Factors determining both aspects are complex and poorly understood. It is hard to be proscriptive about either individual city sizes or overall city-size distributions. The best policies strengthen institutions in the relevant markets so that market forces can move the economy toward better outcomes. That said, the role of public-private interaction and the details of what institutional reforms different situations require are controversial.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/11/18868785/urbanization-geography-development
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/17588
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/17588
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/411943
dc.languageEnglish
dc.languageen_US
dc.publisherWorld Bank, Washington, DC
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.subjectACCESS TO CAPITAL
dc.subjectACCOUNTING
dc.subjectAGGLOMERATION BENEFITS
dc.subjectAGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES
dc.subjectAIRCRAFT
dc.subjectAUTOMOBILE
dc.subjectAUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION
dc.subjectAUTOMOBILES
dc.subjectBANK PRIVATIZATION
dc.subjectBARRIOS
dc.subjectBIG CITIES
dc.subjectBUSINESS SERVICES
dc.subjectCAPITAL CITIES
dc.subjectCAPITAL MARKETS
dc.subjectCAPITALS
dc.subjectCARS
dc.subjectCENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
dc.subjectCITIES
dc.subjectCITY DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectCITY DISTRICTS
dc.subjectCITY INDUSTRIES
dc.subjectCITY LEADERS
dc.subjectCITY PLANNING
dc.subjectCITY PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectCITY SIZE
dc.subjectCOMMERCIAL BANKS
dc.subjectCOMPANY TOWNS
dc.subjectCOST OF TRANSPORT
dc.subjectDECENTRALIZATION
dc.subjectDIESEL
dc.subjectDIESEL FUEL
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectELASTICITY OF VEHICLE TRAVEL
dc.subjectEXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectFACTORING
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SERVICES
dc.subjectFISCAL AUTONOMY
dc.subjectFUEL
dc.subjectFUEL PRICES
dc.subjectHIGH TRANSPORT
dc.subjectHIGHWAY
dc.subjectHIGHWAYS
dc.subjectHOUSING
dc.subjectIMPACT OF TRANSPORT
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL OUTPUT
dc.subjectINDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION
dc.subjectINDUSTRIALIZATION PROCESS
dc.subjectINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
dc.subjectINSPECTION
dc.subjectINSURANCE
dc.subjectINTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS
dc.subjectLABOR COSTS
dc.subjectLABOR MARKETS
dc.subjectLAND DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectLAND MARKETS
dc.subjectLAND TITLING
dc.subjectLARGE CITIES
dc.subjectLAWS
dc.subjectLEVEL PLAYING FIELD
dc.subjectLOCAL GOVERNMENT
dc.subjectLOCAL GOVERNMENTS
dc.subjectLOCAL PUBLIC SECTOR
dc.subjectMARKET DISCIPLINE
dc.subjectMEGACITIES
dc.subjectMETROPOLITAN AREAS
dc.subjectMOBILITY
dc.subjectMONIES
dc.subjectNATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM
dc.subjectNATURAL RESOURCES
dc.subjectNEIGHBORHOODS
dc.subjectNET LOSSES
dc.subjectPOPULATION GROWTH
dc.subjectPRICE CHANGE
dc.subjectPRIVATE BANKS
dc.subjectPRIVATE VENDORS
dc.subjectPROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subjectPUBLIC DEBT
dc.subjectPUBLIC INVESTMENT
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectPUBLIC UTILITIES
dc.subjectQUALITY OF LIFE
dc.subjectRAIL
dc.subjectRAIL NODES
dc.subjectRAIL TRANSPORT
dc.subjectRAILWAY
dc.subjectRAILWAYS
dc.subjectREAL ESTATE MARKETS
dc.subjectREGIONAL BANKS
dc.subjectREGULATORY SYSTEMS
dc.subjectREORGANIZATION
dc.subjectRING ROADS
dc.subjectROAD
dc.subjectROAD NETWORK
dc.subjectSERVICE CENTERS
dc.subjectSERVICE PROVISION
dc.subjectSOCIAL TENSION
dc.subjectSPRAWL
dc.subjectSUBURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectSUBURBAN RAIL
dc.subjectSUBURBS
dc.subjectTAX
dc.subjectTENURE SECURITY
dc.subjectTOWN GOVERNMENTS
dc.subjectTOWNS
dc.subjectTRADE FLOWS
dc.subjectTRANSPARENCY
dc.subjectTRANSPORT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT ACCESS
dc.subjectTRANSPORT COSTS
dc.subjectTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subjectTRANSPORT INVESTMENT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT INVESTMENTS
dc.subjectTRANSPORT SERVICES
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subjectTRAVEL COSTS
dc.subjectUNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subjectURBAN
dc.subjectURBAN AREAS
dc.subjectURBAN BIAS
dc.subjectURBAN CENTERS
dc.subjectURBAN CONCENTRATION
dc.subjectURBAN CONGESTION
dc.subjectURBAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subjectURBAN ECONOMICS
dc.subjectURBAN ENVIRONMENTS
dc.subjectURBAN FRINGE
dc.subjectURBAN GROWTH
dc.subjectURBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subjectURBAN LAND
dc.subjectURBAN MIGRATION
dc.subjectURBAN POPULATION
dc.subjectURBAN POPULATION GROWTH
dc.subjectURBAN RESEARCH
dc.subjectURBAN SECTOR
dc.subjectURBAN SPRAWL
dc.subjectURBAN STRUCTURE
dc.subjectURBAN TRANSFORMATION
dc.subjectURBANIZATION
dc.subjectURBANIZATION PROCESS
dc.subjectVEHICLE
dc.subjectVEHICLE TRAVEL COSTS
dc.titleUrbanization and the Geography of Development

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