Demography, Urbanization and Development

Jedwab, Remi; Christiaensen, Luc; Gindelsky, Marina

Demography, Urbanization and Development

Autores

Jedwab, Remi

Christiaensen, Luc

Gindelsky, Marina

Editor

World Bank, Washington, DC

Descripción

Developing countries have urbanized rapidly since 1950. To explain urbanization, standard models emphasize rural-urban migration, focusing on rural push factors (agricultural modernization and rural poverty) and urban pull factors (industrialization and urban-biased policies). Using new historical data on urban birth and death rates for seven countries from Industrial Europe (1800–1910) and thirty-five developing countries (1960–2010), this paper argues that a non-negligible part of developing countries’ rapid urban growth and urbanization may also be linked to demographic factors, such as rapid internal urban population growth, or an urban push. High urban natural increase in today’s developing countries follows from lower urban mortality, relative to Industrial Europe, where higher urban deaths offset urban births. This compounds the effects of migration and displays strong associations with urban congestion, providing additional insight into the phenomenon of urbanization without growth.

Palabras clave

SANITATION, LIVING STANDARDS, POPULATION INCREASE, FERTILITY BEHAVIOR, FERTILITY TRANSITION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, URBANIZATION, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS, HIGH BIRTH RATE, LIVE BIRTHS, LABOR FORCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, FOOD PRODUCTIVITY, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, BIRTH CONTROL, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, URBAN GROWTH RATE, PUBLICATIONS, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS, RURAL POPULATION, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, LIFE EXPECTANCY, PUBLIC HEALTH, DEMOGRAPHERS, ADULT MORTALITY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, URBAN MIGRATION, POPULATION CENSUS, PRIMATE CITIES, NEWBORNS, AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, POPULATION CHANGE, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, POPULATION GROWTH, FERTILITY RATES, RATES OF URBANIZATION, WORKING POPULATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, FERTILITY RATE, BIRTH RATES, MIGRATION, ADOPTION, NATURAL DISASTERS, MODERNIZATION, POLLUTION, URBANIZED COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, DISASTERS, MORTALITY RATE, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, MIGRANTS, NATURAL RESOURCES, MORTALITY, PROGRESS, UNEMPLOYMENT, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, HUMAN CAPITAL, MIGRANT, TRANSPORTATION, URBAN GROWTH RATES, CLIMATE CHANGE, POLICIES, SOCIAL SERVICES, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, WOMAN, SLUM DWELLERS, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE, RURAL GROWTH, LARGE CITIES, WORKSHOP, RURAL POVERTY, URBAN AREAS, FAMILY PLANNING, REFUGEE, DECLINES IN MORTALITY, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, CHILDBEARING, POLICY, REPRODUCTIVE AGE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, CHILD MORTALITY, FERTILITY SURVEY, CHILD MORTALITY RATES, PERMANENT RESIDENCE, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, RURAL RESIDENTS, RURAL POPULATION GROWTH, NATURAL RESOURCE, CENSUSES, URBAN POPULATION GROWTH, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, RURAL AREAS, PULL FACTORS, PUSH FACTORS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, NUMBER OF DEATHS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, DEATH RATES, POPULATION, LABOR SUPPLY, URBAN BIAS, POPULATION CENTER, POLICY RESEARCH, GREEN REVOLUTION, FERTILITY, WOMEN, CHILD MORTALITY RATE, NEWBORN, URBAN POPULATION, PEACE, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, SANITATION FACILITIES