Georgia Demographic Change : Implications for Social Programs and Poverty
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This note provides an overview of
demographic changes and their policy implications in
Georgia, with particular reference to the poor.
Georgia's population is expected to decline between
2010 and 2050, and this trend will be accompanied by a
growing elderly cohort and a rising total dependency ratio.
The note emphasizes four interrelated policy topics. These
are labor force participation, labor force productivity, and
potential cost pressures arising from the pension system and
from the health sector. In each area, special attention is
given to the linkages between these issues, social spending
programs, and opportunities for targeting the poor. The note
does not present specific policy recommendations, but
instead outlines broad areas where future analytical work
might be undertaken to arrive at more precise policy
options. The note is structured as follows. The next section
summarizes the key demographic trends underway in Georgia.
Section three presents a profile of poverty and social
spending by age. Section four analyzes the four policy
issues listed in column two of table one. In each of these
sections, the poverty reduction angle is emphasized. The
final section provides a summary of the key messages, with
an emphasis on policy priorities going forward.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ACTIVE LABOR, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES, ACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS, ADULT POPULATION, AGE DISTRIBUTION, AGE GROUP, AGED, AGING, AGING POPULATION, AGING POPULATIONS, AVERAGE WAGE, BENEFIT LEVEL, BENEFIT LEVELS, CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CHILD CARE, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES, DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURES, DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS, DEPENDENCY RATIO, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DISABILITY, DISABILITY PENSION, DRIVERS, EARLY CHILDHOOD, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, ELDERLY, ELDERLY PERSONS, ELDERLY POPULATION, ELDERLY WOMEN, EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY, EXTENDED FAMILIES, EXTERNAL MIGRATION, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY SIZE, FERTILITY RATE, FERTILITY RATES, FEWER PEOPLE, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FORMAL LABOR MARKET, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SYSTEM, HOSPITALIZATION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ILLNESS, IMMIGRATION, INCOME SUPPORT, INFORMAL SECTOR, INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB SEARCH, JOBS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIFE-LONG LEARNING, LIFELONG LEARNING, LONG-TERM CARE, LOW FERTILITY, MEDICAL CARE, MIGRATION, MORTALITY, MOTHER, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUMBER OF CHILDREN PER WOMAN, NUMBER OF PERSONS, NUMBER OF WORKERS, OLD AGE, OLD-AGE, OLD-AGE PENSION, OLD-AGE PENSIONS, OLDER AGE GROUPS, OLDER PEOPLE, OLDER PERSON, PENSION, PENSION AGE, PENSION BENEFIT, PENSION BENEFITS, PENSION COST, PENSION REFORM, PENSION SPENDING, PENSION SYSTEM, PENSION TRANSFERS, PENSIONER, PENSIONERS, PENSIONS, PHYSICAL HEALTH, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POPULATION DIVISION, POPULATION ESTIMATES, POPULATION INCREASES, POPULATION SIZE, POPULATION STRUCTURE, POPULATION TRENDS, PREVIOUS WORK, PRICE INDEXATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE, PROGRESS, PUBLIC POLICY, REPLACEMENT RATE, REPLACEMENT RATES, RESPECT, RETIREMENT, RETIREMENT AGE, RETIREMENT AGES, RURAL AREAS, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NETS, SCHOOL AGE, SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SERVICE DELIVERY, SEX, SEX RATIO, SEX RATIOS, SEX-SELECTIVE ABORTIONS, SIGNIFICANT POLICY, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL EXPENDITURES, SOCIAL PENSIONS, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SECTOR, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIAL TRANSFER, SOCIAL TRANSFERS, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, STATE UNIVERSITY, TAX ADVANTAGES, TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNFPA, UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND, VULNERABILITY, VULNERABLE FAMILIES, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, WORK EXPERIENCE, WORK FORCE, WORKER, WORKFORCE, WORKFORCE SKILLS, WORKING POPULATION, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, WORLD POPULATION, YOUNG ADULTS, YOUTH, YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT