Pakistan’s Water Economy : Running Dry
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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With an average rainfall of under 240
milli-meters a year, Pakistan is one of the world's
most arid countries. The population and the economy are
heavily dependent on an annual influx of water into the
Indus river system that emanates from the neighboring
countries and is mostly derived from rainfall and snow-melt
in the Himalayas. Throughout history, people have adapted to
the low and poorly distributed rainfall by either living
along river banks or carefully husbanding and managing local
water resources. In the nineteenth century, the advent of
large-scale irrigation technology decisively shifted the
balance between man and water. In the twentieth century,
Pakistan faced several political and natural challenges to
its water economy. There were successfully managed through
the Indus water treaty with India and the shrewd application
of science, technology, and economics, but Pakistan is once
again facing a number of very serious water-related threats
to its survival.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURAL WATER, AGRICULTURAL WATER USE, ARID COUNTRIES, ASSET MANAGEMENT, AVAILABILITY OF WATER, CLIMATE CHANGE, CONSTRUCTION, CROP YIELDS, CUBIC METER, CUBIC METER OF WATER, DISTRIBUTION OF WATER, DRAINAGE, ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS, FARMERS, FLOODING, FLOODS, GLACIERS, GROUNDWATER, GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT, GROUNDWATER PUMPING, HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES, HYDRAULICS, HYDROLOGY, INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER, INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT, IRRIGATION, IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY, LARGE DAMS, LIMNOLOGY, LOCAL WATER, NATURAL RESOURCE BASE, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, OPERATORS, POLLUTION, PRIVATE OPERATORS, PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS, QUANTITIES OF WATER, RAINFALL, RIVER FLOW, RIVER SYSTEM, RIVERS, SALINITY, SANITATION, SANITATION SERVICES, SCARCE WATER, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE QUALITY, SILT, SMALL DAMS, SNOWMELT, SOIL SCIENCES, STORAGE CAPACITY, SURFACE WATER, SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, TOWNS, TRANSPARENCY, URBAN WASTES, USE OF WATER, WASTEWATER, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WATER CHEMISTRY, WATER ENTITLEMENTS, WATER INFRASTRUCTURE, WATER MANAGEMENT, WATER PROJECTS, WATER RESOURCES, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, WATER SECTOR, WATER STORAGE, WATER SUPPLY, WELLS