Using Unobtrusive Sensors to Measure and Minimize Hawthorne Effects: Evidence from Cookstoves
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People act differently when they know they are being observed. This phenomenon, the Hawthorne effect, can bias estimates of program impacts. Unobtrusive sensors substituting for human observation can alleviate this bias. To demonstrate this potential, we used temperature loggers to measure fuel-‐efficient cookstoves as a replacement for three-‐stone fires. We find a large Hawthorne effect: when in-‐person measurement begins, participants increase fuel-‐efficient stove use approximately three hours/day (54%) and reduce three-‐stone fire use by approximately two hours/day (30%). When in-‐person measurement ends, participants reverse those changes. We then examine how this Hawthorne effect biases estimates of fuel use and particulate matter concentrations. Our results reinforce concerns about Hawthorne effects, especially in policy-‐relevant impact evaluations. We demonstrate that sensors can sometimes provide a solution.