Albania - Urban Growth, Migration and Poverty Reduction : A Poverty Assessment
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Washington, DC
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This sector report claims that in the
three years between 2002 and 2005 alone, almost 235,000
people have moved out of poverty in Albania. Strong economic
growth and large inflow of remittances are at the center of
this impressive achievement. However, low productivity of
predominantly small family farms has put a drag on rural
growth prospects. Moreover, Ndihma Ekonomike (NE) program,
the means-tested income support program is small in scale,
and has a low coverage so that it has had only a modest
impact on poverty reduction. As a result of these
developments, the poor are mostly rural residents, low
skilled (measured as years of schooling completed) and large
families. The main conclusion of this report is that as
Albania looks ahead it faces the challenges of consolidating
and sustaining these improvements in living conditions and
narrow the widening rural and urban differences. To tackle
these challenges, Albania needs to maintain the high growth
path, raise rural productivity and improve the targeting
performance of its NE program
Palabras clave
ABSOLUTE POVERTY, ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL SERVICES, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, ANTI-POVERTY, ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAM, AVERAGE INCOMES, CAPACITY BUILDING, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CHANGES IN POVERTY, COLLECTIVE FARMS, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, CROP PRODUCTION, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, DISABILITY, DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS, DIVERSIFICATION, DOMESTIC SAVINGS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, EDUCATION LEVEL, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, EQUAL SHARES, EXCHANGE RATE, EXTERNAL MIGRATION, EXTREME POVERTY, FAMILY FARMS, FAMILY SIZES, FARM ACTIVITIES, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, FARM INCOME, FARMER, FARMERS, FEMALE CHILDREN, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FIXED EFFECTS, FLOW OF MIGRANTS, FOOD COMPONENTS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, GINI COEFFICIENT, GROWTH COMPONENT, GROWTH PROSPECTS, GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, HEADCOUNT RATIO, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH GROWTH, HIGHER INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HUMAN CAPITAL, ILLNESSES, IMMIGRATION, IMMIGRATION LAWS, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, IMPACT ON POVERTY, IMPACT ON POVERTY REDUCTION, IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME GROWTH, INCOME SHORTFALL, INCOME SUPPORT, INCREASE POVERTY, INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY MEASURES, INEQUITIES, INFLOW OF REMITTANCES, INFORMAL ECONOMY, INTERNAL MIGRANTS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IRRIGATION, JOB CREATION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND RIGHTS, LAND SIZE, LAND TITLING, LARGE FAMILIES, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MAJORITY OF FARMERS, MEAN GROWTH, MEAN INCOME, MEAN INCOMES, MIGRANT, MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOWS, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MOUNTAIN AREAS, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, NEGATIVE EFFECT, NEGATIVE IMPACT, NEGATIVE SIGN, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, NUMBER OF MIGRANTS, NURSE, NURSES, NUTRITIONAL NEEDS, ORGANIC FARMING, PENSIONS, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, PERMANENT MIGRATION STATUS, PESTICIDES, POLITICAL STABILITY, POOR, POOR FAMILIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR INFRASTRUCTURE, POOR PEOPLE, POOR POPULATION, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY CHANGE, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY INCIDENCE, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY MAP, POVERTY MEASURES, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY RISK, POVERTY STATUS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY HEALTH FACILITIES, PRIVATE DOCTORS, PRO-POOR, PROGRESS, PUBLIC SECTOR, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, REMITTANCES, RETURN MIGRATION, RETURNEES, RUNNING WATER, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL GROWTH, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL INCOME, RURAL INCOMES, RURAL INEQUALITY, RURAL MIGRANTS, RURAL POOR, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL POVERTY INCIDENCE, RURAL POVERTY RATE, RURAL POVERTY RATES, RURAL PROBLEMS, RURAL PRODUCTION, RURAL PRODUCTIVITY, RURAL REGIONS, RURAL RESIDENTS, RURAL STAGNATION, RURAL WELFARE, SAVINGS, SCHOOLING, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY ENROLLMENT, SECTORAL COMPOSITION, SEX, SHARP REDUCTION, SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, SKILLED LABOR, SMALL SCALE FARMERS, SMALLER HOUSEHOLDS, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, STANDARD DEVIATION, STRUCTURAL REFORMS, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, SUBSISTENCE, TARGETING, TEMPORARY MIGRANTS, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TERTIARY EDUCATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNSKILLED LABOR, URBAN AREAS, URBAN GROWTH, URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE, URBAN MIGRATION, URBAN POOR, URBAN POPULATION, URBAN POVERTY, VEGETABLE GROWERS, VEGETABLES, VULNERABILITY, VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WORK FORCE