Knowledge and Innovation for Competitiveness in Brazil
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Washington, DC : World Bank
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Brazil has made considerable progress
toward macroeconomic stability since reform measures began
to take hold in the early 1990s, and its economy has
produced stronger growth as a result an average of 2.5
percent annually over the past decade. This study provides a
broad, cross-sectoral analysis of Brazil's capacity for
producing knowledge and innovation. As such, it moves beyond
the traditional recommendation that is, builds a stable
macroeconomic environment and business-friendly physical and
policy infrastructure and instead seeks a more comprehensive
approach. The fact is that Brazil has delivered some
important successes with efforts to develop innovation in
agriculture, aerospace and energy. But like other
middle-income nations, it is discovering that it must
re-evaluate its education system, its information technology
infrastructure, and its policy framework for encouraging
innovation to ensure that its economy as a whole is growing
fast enough to keep up with the global competition while
also guaranteeing progress in its fight against poverty.
This study was developed in close consultation with
Brazilian government and civil society leaders, who are
deeply engaged with the question of how to foster innovation
and greater economic competitiveness. Indeed, the breadth of
the support for this study is a testament to Brazil's
pragmatism and perseverance in pursuing more robust growth.
It is also a welcome reflection of its continually evolving
relationship with the World Bank. Today, Brazil has emerged
as a leader of efforts to build South-South cooperation. In
this role, it can set an important example for other
middle-income nations and act as a bridge between the
northern and southern hemispheres.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNTING, ADJUSTMENT POLICIES, AGRICULTURE, AVERAGE GROWTH, AVERAGE WAGES, BASIC EDUCATION, BENCHMARKING, BORROWING, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, BUSINESS LEADERS, BUSINESS PROCESSES, BUSINESS SECTOR, CALCULATIONS, CAPABILITIES, CAPABILITY, CAPITAL GOODS, CAPITAL MARKET, CASH TRANSFERS, CENTRAL BANK, COMMERCE, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES, COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNITY ACTION, COMMUNITY COLLEGES, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES, COMPETITION POLICY, COMPETITIVENESS, COMPUTERS, CONSUMER, CONSUMERS, CONTRIBUTION, CONTRIBUTIONS, COPYRIGHT, CURRENCY, CYCLE OF POVERTY, DATA ANALYSES, DEBT, DEBT MANAGEMENT, DEBTS, DEVELOPMENT BANK, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, DISTANCE LEARNING, DIVERSIFICATION, E-MAIL, EARNINGS, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMETRIC MODELS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC HISTORY, ECONOMIC POWER, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, EDUCATION PROGRAM, ENABLING ENVIRONMENT, EQUIPMENT, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPORT SECTOR, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FLOW OF GOOD, FOREIGN COMPETITION, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FORMAL EDUCATION, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS, GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE, GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY, GLOBAL MARKET, GLOBAL MARKETS, GLOBALIZATION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROWTH POTENTIAL, GROWTH RATE, HARDWARE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RESOURCES, ICT, INCOME, INCOME GROUP, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INFLATION, INFLATION RATES, INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION, INNOVATION PROGRAMS, INSTITUTION, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, INTEREST RATES, INTERNAL DATA, INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS, INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVENTION, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, JOB TENURE, JOINT VENTURES, KNOWLEDGE INDUSTRIES, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LARGE ENTERPRISE, LARGE ENTERPRISES, LARGE FIRMS, LEARNING OUTCOMES, LEGAL ENVIRONMENT, LICENSES, LIFE SPAN, LITERACY, LIVING STANDARDS, LOW INCOME, MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS, MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION, MANUFACTURING, MATERIAL, MATH, MATHEMATICS, MEDIUM ENTERPRISES, MONETARY POLICY, MULTIMEDIA, NATIONAL BANK, NATIONAL CURRICULUM, NATIONAL ECONOMY, NATIONAL INCOME, NATURAL RESOURCE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEW TECHNOLOGY, NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES, OPPORTUNITY COSTS, PATENTS, PENSIONS, PER CAPITA INCOME, PERSONAL COMPUTER, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, PHYSICS, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POTENTIAL OUTPUT, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIVATE FUNDS, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT, PROBABILITY, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, PRODUCTIVITY, PROTECTIONISM, PUBLIC AWARENESS, PUBLIC DEBT, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, PURCHASING POWER, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, QUERIES, R&D, RAPID GROWTH, REAL GDP, REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT, RESULT, RESULTS, RISK AVERSE, SALARIES, SALARY, SAVINGS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SENIOR, SILICON, SMALL BUSINESS, SMALLER FIRMS, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL SERVICE, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, STAKEHOLDER, STAKEHOLDERS, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, SUPPORT PROGRAM, TAX INCENTIVES, TEACHERS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TECHNICAL SKILLS, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY PARKS, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TELEPHONE, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRANSPARENT WAY, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNIVERSITIES, UNSKILLED WORKERS, USES, VALUE ADDED, WAGE, WEALTH, WEB, WEB SITE, WEB SITES, WORLD MARKETS, WORTH