Road Improvement and Deforestation in the Congo Basin Countries
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Road construction has often been viewed
as the precursor to deforestation, especially in tropical
forests. Traditional responses to such threats have been
reactive, with attempts to mitigate impacts through physical
measures, or the establishment of protected areas. These
approaches often have not been entirely successful,
especially in areas where economic potential is significant.
This paper seeks to mitigate such conflicts by proposing a
proactive approach to development planning and environmental
policy. It develops a high-resolution spatial model of road
improvement impacts that includes ecological risks and the
economics of forest clearing. The approach is implemented by
estimating the potential impact of road upgrading on forest
clearing and biodiversity in eight Congo Basin countries.
The paper demonstrates how the detailed analysis can
identify areas of high ecological priority as well as areas
at high risk of forest loss. The paper contributes to
several aspects of the literature. First, it provides the
most recent and reliable estimates of the drivers of
deforestation in the Congo Basin, with the latest
high-resolution satellite data on forest cover changes.
Second, it presents novel estimates of biodiversity threats
by creating an index that combines and synthesizes several
measures of biodiversity loss and impacts. It then develops
an empirical framework for estimating the ecological impacts
of road improvement. Finally, the paper illustrates how the
empirical framework can be used to preempt impacts and avoid
potential ecological damage.
Palabras clave
LAND CLEARING, ROAD NETWORKS, DETERMINANTS, BIRDS, DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, TREE, ROAD IMPROVEMENTS, CARBON, GLOBAL TROPICAL FORESTS, DEFORESTATION RATES, ANIMALS, ELASTICITY, CONSERVATION OF NATURE, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, TROPICAL FOREST AREAS, CONSERVATION COMMUNITY, FOREST AREAS, INCENTIVES, TRAVEL SPEED, AMPHIBIANS, TROPICAL FOREST, CULTIVATED AREAS, TOLL, REDUCTION IN TRAVEL, CARBON LOSS, LAND TENURE, ARTERIES, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING, DRIVERS, PLANT, CONSERVATION PRIORITIES, SATELLITE DATA, ARMED CONFLICT, PLANTS, ROAD, ABSOLUTE VALUE, COSTS, SPATIAL MODEL, FOREST CLEARANCE, CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT, ROAD NETWORK, TRANSPORT, ESTIMATES OF BIODIVERSITY, TROPICAL FOREST REGIONS, BIODIVERSITY, LAND USE CHANGE, SPECIES, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, TROPICAL FORESTS, ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE, CULTURAL CHANGE, ROAD IMPROVEMENT, FOREST SPECIES, REPTILES, FOREST LOSS, RURAL ROADS, ROAD QUALITY, ANIMAL SPECIES, INFRASTRUCTURE, LAND USE, PLANT SPECIES, FOREST CARBON, LAND COVER, CONSERVATION MANAGERS, TROPICAL FOREST SPECIES, DRIVING, LEAD, TRAVEL, VEGETATION, INSECTS, HABITAT LOSS, AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, POLICIES, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, FOREST COVER, COMMUNITY OUTREACH, EXTINCTION, BRAZILIAN AMAZON, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, LAND CONVERSION, DEFORESTATION, CLIMATE, FORESTS, URBAN AREAS, ECOLOGICAL RISKS, COLORS, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION, FOREST, DEFORESTATION RATE, ROAD PROJECTS, ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, FOREST CHANGE, ISSUES, ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS, FOREST COVER CHANGE, FOREST CONVERSION, ADJACENT AREAS, ROADS, ENCROACHMENT, CAR, ROAD LINKS, ROAD EXPANSION, LAND, LANDSCAPE-SCALE CONSERVATION, RAINFORESTS, FOREST CLEARING, CRITICAL HABITAT, CONSERVATION, FATALITIES, LESS, RAIN, ANIMAL, MAMMALS, INVESTMENTS, ROAD CONSTRUCTION, ROAD CONDITIONS, TRANSPORT COSTS, TRAVEL TIME, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, GLOBAL FOREST, NATURAL COMMUNITIES, BIODIVERSITY LOSS, AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION, PRICES, RAIN FOREST, TIGERS, BENEFITS, SPATIAL MODELS