Assessing the Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in the Context of Instability and Informal Economies
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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The implementation of effective
Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)
programmes in countries emerging from violent conflict are
essential for building and maintaining peace and security.
In many instances the disarmament and demobilisation of
former combatants was achieved, but reintegration remained a
challenge, due to the long-term focus and the substantial
resources that are required for such a process to be
successful. Reintegration processes are, nonetheless, often
implemented in fragile environments, that include fragmented
economies, in which most income generating activities are
informal or unreported. Such economies are often
characterised by unregulated, illicit activities, in which
official governance is weak. This report is comprised of
three parts. Part one includes a review of the literature on
the reintegration of former combatants and the informal
economy in Africa; a synopsis of post-conflict economies;
and an outline of the analytical framework. Part two
presents the findings of the case study research, focusing
on the economies and DDR processes in each of the three
countries, as well as assessing the reintegration process in
relation to the informal economy. The third component of the
report provides a comparative analysis of, and conclusions
from, the research findings.
Palabras clave
ADULT LITERACY, ADULT POPULATION, AGRICULTURE, ARMED CONFLICT, ARMED FORCE, BOTH SEXES, BOUNDARIES, CAPITAL FLIGHT, CASH CROPS, CIVIL WAR, COMMERCIAL BANKS, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, COMPETITIVENESS, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, CONFLICT, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, CONSTRAINT, CONSUMERS, CONVENTION, COUNSELLING, CULTURAL PRACTICES, DEATHS, DEBT, DEFENCE, DEFENCE POLICY, DEMOBILIZATION, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES, DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, DISARMAMENT, DISEASES, DISSEMINATION, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC IMPACT, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC PROCESSES, ECONOMIC REGULATIONS, ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION, ECONOMIC SECTOR, ECONOMIC SITUATION, ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, EMPLOYMENT CREATION, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTS, EX-COMBATANT, EXPLOITATION, EXPORTS, FACT SHEET, FEASIBILITY STUDY, FEMALE COMBATANTS, FIGHTING, FISH, FISHING, FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS, FOOD INSECURITY, FOOD SECURITY, FORESTRY, FORMER FIGHTERS, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER INEQUALITY, GOVERNMENT OFFICES, GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS, GRAVE, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT PER CAPITA, HOME COUNTRIES, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN SECURITY, HUSBANDS, IMF, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, LABOUR MARKET, LAND TENURE, LEGAL STATUS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIVE BIRTHS, LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOCAL ECONOMY, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO, MEAT, MEDICAL CARE, MEETING, MILITARY PERSONNEL, MINES, MORTALITY, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, NATIONAL BOUNDARIES, NATIONAL INCOME, NATIONS, NATURAL RESOURCES, OIL, PARALLEL ECONOMY, PEACE, PEACE AGREEMENTS, PEACEKEEPING, PER CAPITA INCOME, POPULATION GROWTH, POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION, POST-CONFLICT SETTINGS, PRACTITIONERS, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PROGRESS, PROJECT DOCUMENTS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, RATES OF POPULATION, REAL GDP, REBEL, RECONCILIATION, RECONSTRUCTION, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, REHABILITATION, REHABILITATION ASSISTANCE, REINTEGRATION PROCESS, REPATRIATION, RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS, RESPECT, ROAD, RULE OF LAW, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, SAFETY NET, SCHOOL ENROLMENT, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECURITY CONCERN, SECURITY FORCES, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, SMALL BUSINESS, SOCIAL REINTEGRATION, SOLDIERS, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, TAXATION, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TECHNICAL COOPERATION, TIMBER, TOLERANCE, TRADE BARRIERS, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSPORTATION, UNDERDEVELOPMENT, UNDP, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNIVERSITIES, URBAN AREAS, VIOLENCE, VIOLENT CONFLICT, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAR, WAR ECONOMIES, WEALTH, WEAPONS, YOUNG MEN