Water, sanitation and hygiene in Federal Nepal: strengthening local government actions and citizen rights

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dc.creatorKhadka, Manohara
dc.creatorPandey, Vishnu Prasad
dc.creatorShrestha, G.
dc.creatorSubedi, K.
dc.creatorKarki, S. K.
dc.creatorRajouria, Alok
dc.date2026-03-11
dc.date2026-03-11T08:00:33Z
dc.date2026-03-11T08:00:33Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-27T18:38:59Z
dc.descriptionNepal’s 2015 Constitution, federal governance system, and commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer important opportunities for bottom-up, participatory, and rights-based development of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector. However, the effects of these reforms on gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) in local WASH planning and decision-making remain poorly understood. This study examined six dimensions of change under federalism—policy frameworks; division of powers; actors, roles, and financing; WASH services; coordination and data; and GESI in governance—to assess how rights and inclusion are translated into practice. The research covered six rural municipalities in Madhesh, Bagmati, Lumbini, and Karnali provinces, using household surveys of 486 households, key informant interviews, and reviews of national and subnational policies and WASH literature. Findings show that constitutional guarantees and recent policies, including the National WASH Policy (2023) and the draft WASH Sector Development Plan (2024), create space for GESI-responsive WASH. However, they do not adequately address systemic barriers that limit the meaningful participation and benefits of women, people with disabilities, and marginalized groups. At the local level, WASH plans, budgets, coordination mechanisms, and gender-disaggregated data systems remain weak, while service delivery is dominated by technical approaches. Access to safe, piped water is still low, placing a disproportionate burden on women, and affordability remains a barrier for poorer households. Achieving the SDGs will require stronger gender-responsive local planning, improved financing, empowered user groups, and enhanced local government capacity to deliver inclusive, rights-based WASH services.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/182046
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/161706
dc.languageen
dc.publisherInternational Water Management Institute
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.sourceKhadka, M.; Pandey, V. P.; Shrestha, G.; Subedi, K.; Karki, S. K.; Rajouria, A. 2026. Water, sanitation and hygiene in Federal Nepal: strengthening local government actions and citizen rights. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 97p. doi: https://doi.org/10.5337/2024.231
dc.subjectwater, sanitation and hygiene
dc.subjectlocal government
dc.subjecthuman rights
dc.subjectwater supply
dc.subjectpolicies
dc.subjectframeworks
dc.subjectgender equality
dc.subjectsocial inclusion
dc.subjectjurisdiction
dc.subjectconstitutional law
dc.subjectfederalism
dc.subjectgovernance
dc.subjectpublic sector
dc.subjectaccountability
dc.subjectregulations
dc.subjectdecision-making
dc.subjectSustainable Development Goals
dc.subjectGoal 6 Clean water and sanitation
dc.subjectwater resources
dc.subjectdrinking water
dc.subjectmonitoring and evaluation
dc.subjectlearning
dc.subjectdevelopment plans
dc.subjectfinancing
dc.subjectbudgets
dc.subjectstakeholders
dc.subjectinstitutions
dc.subjectwater user associations
dc.subjectmarket access
dc.subjectrural areas
dc.subjectcommunities
dc.subjecthouseholds
dc.subjectsocioeconomic aspects
dc.subjectmarginalization
dc.subjectcaste
dc.subjectethnicity
dc.subjecttoilets
dc.subjecthand hygiene
dc.subjectsludge
dc.titleWater, sanitation and hygiene in Federal Nepal: strengthening local government actions and citizen rights
dc.typeReport

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Instituto Internacional para el Manejo del Agua (IWMI)