Wealth Gradients in Early Childhood Cognitive Development in Five Latin American Countries
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Research from the United States shows
that gaps in early cognitive and noncognitive abilities
appear early in the life cycle. Little is known about this
important question for developing countries. This paper
provides new evidence of sharp differences in cognitive
development by socioeconomic status in early childhood for
five Latin American countries. To help with comparability,
the paper uses the same measure of receptive language
ability for all five countries. It finds important
differences in development in early childhood across
countries, and steep socioeconomic gradients within every
country. For the three countries where panel data to follow
children over time exists, there are few substantive changes
in scores once children enter school. These results are
robust to different ways of defining socioeconomic status,
to different ways of standardizing outcomes, and to
selective non-response on the measure of cognitive development.
Palabras clave
ACCOUNT, ACHIEVEMENT, AVERAGE SCORE, CHILD DEVELOPMENT, CHILD HEALTH, COGNITIVE ABILITY, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, COGNITIVE OUTCOMES, CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL, DISCRIMINATION, DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, DROPOUTS, DRUGS, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, HOME VISITS, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, IMPORTANT POLICY, INFANT, INFANT HEALTH, KINDERGARTEN, LABOR MARKET, LANGUAGE ABILITY, LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LITERACY, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MEMORY, MODELING, MOTHER, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, PARENTAL EDUCATION, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, PRESCHOOLERS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL PERFORMANCE, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PROGRESS, PUBLIC HEALTH, RADIO, READING, RECALL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POPULATION, SCHOOL YEARS, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, TEENAGE PREGNANCY, TV, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, WAGES, YOUNG AGES, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNGER CHILDREN, YOUTH