Migrant Labor Markets and the Welfare of Rural Households in the Developing World : Evidence From China
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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In this paper, the authors examine the
impact of reductions in barriers to migration on the
consumption of rural households in China. The authors find
that increased migration from rural villages leads to
significant increases in consumption per capita, and that
this effect is stronger for poorer households within
villages. Household income per capita and non-durable
consumption per capita both increase with out-migration, and
increase more for poorer households. The authors also
establish a causal relationship between increased
out-migration and investment in housing and durable goods
assets, and these effects are also stronger for poorer
households. The authors do not find robust evidence,
however, to support a connection between increased migration
and investment in productive activity. Instead, increased
migration is associated with two significant changes for
poorer households: increases both in the total labor
supplied to productive activities and in the land per capita
managed by the household. In examining the effect of
migration, we pay considerable attention to developing and
examining our identification strategy.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO CREDIT, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURE, ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY, ASSET OWNERSHIP, BANKRUPTCY, BANKS, BOND, BORROWING, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS, CAPITAL STOCK, CITIZENSHIP, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS, CONSUMER DURABLES, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMPTION LEVELS, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, CREDIT CONSTRAINT, CREDIT CONSTRAINTS, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DISPLACED WORKERS, DIVERSIFICATION, DUMMY VARIABLE, DUMMY VARIABLES, DURABLE, DURABLE GOODS, EARNINGS, ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMETRIC MODELS, ECONOMETRICS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC OUTCOMES, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC REFORM, ECONOMICS RESEARCH, EDUCATION LEVEL, EMPLOYERS, ENDOWMENTS, ENTREPRENEURS, EXCHANGE RATE, EXPENDITURE, EXPENDITURES, EXPROPRIATION, EXTENDED FAMILY, FAMILIES, FAMILY INCOME, FAMILY LABOR, FAMILY MEMBERS, FARMERS, FINANCIAL ASSETS, GENDER, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT, GRAIN PRODUCTION, HOME COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD INVESTMENT, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD WEALTH, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ID, IDS, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INCOME EFFECT, INCOME GROWTH, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME SHOCKS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INEQUALITY, INFORMAL LOANS, INSTRUMENT, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INVESTING, INVESTMENT BEHAVIOR, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRATION, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LABORERS, LABOUR, LABOUR MARKETS, LAND HOLDINGS, LAND POLICY, LAND TENURE, LEVELS OF CONSUMPTION, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LOTTERY, MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS, MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUME, MARKET PRICE, MARKET RETURNS, MICROENTERPRISES, MIGRANT, MIGRANT FAMILY, MIGRANT LABOR, MIGRANT REMITTANCES, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MOBILITY OF LABOR, NEGATIVE SHOCKS, NORMAL GOOD, NUMBER OF MIGRANTS, NUTRITION, PERMANENT INCOME, PHYSICAL ASSETS, PHYSICAL CAPITAL, POLICY DECISIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION CENSUS, POSITIVE COEFFICIENT, POTENTIAL MIGRANTS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRODUCTIVE ASSETS, PRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHT, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC SERVICES, RATE OF GROWTH, RECEIPT, REGISTRATION SYSTEM, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RENTS, REPATRIATION, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESPECT, RETURN, RETURN MIGRATION, RETURNS, RISK POOLING, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL COUNTIES, RURAL LABOR, RURAL RESIDENTS, SAVINGS, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SHORT-TERM MIGRANTS, SMALLER HOUSEHOLDS, SOCIAL NETWORK, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL SCIENCES, STATE UNIVERSITY, STOCKS, SUBSTITUTION EFFECT, TAX, TAX RATE, TAXATION, TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSITION ECONOMY, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, URBAN MIGRATION, USE VALUE, VALUATION, VALUE OF ASSETS, VILLAGE, VILLAGES, VULNERABILITY, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WAGES, WEALTH, WEALTH EFFECT, WORKFORCE