Indigenous Peoples in Latin America : Economic Opportunities and Social Networks

Lunde, Trine; Patrinos, Harry Anthony; Skoufias, Emmanuel

Indigenous Peoples in Latin America : Economic Opportunities and Social Networks

Autores

Lunde, Trine

Patrinos, Harry Anthony

Skoufias, Emmanuel

Editor

World Bank, Washington, DC

Descripción

Despite significant changes in poverty overall in Latin America, the proportion of indigenous peoples living in poverty did not change much from the early 1990s to the present. While earlier work focused on human development, much less has been done on the distribution and returns to income-generating assets and the effect these have on income generation strategies. The authors show that low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. For instance, low education levels translate into low income, resulting in poor health and reduced schooling for future generations. Social networks affect the economic opportunities of individuals through two important channels-information and norms. However, the analysis shows that the networks available to indigenous peoples do not facilitate employment in nontraditional sectors.

Palabras clave

ACCESS TO SERVICES, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL INCOMES, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, AGRICULTURE, CAPITAL THEORY, CITIES, COLONIALISM, COMPETITIVENESS, CREDIT MARKETS, CULTURAL DIFFERENCES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES, DISADVANTAGED AREAS, DISCRIMINATION, DISEQUILIBRIUM, DIVIDENDS, DUAL ECONOMY, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, ECONOMIC OUTCOMES, ECONOMIC STATUS, ECONOMIC THEORY, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ETHNIC GROUPS, ETHNICITY, EXPENDITURES, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY RESOURCES, FARMERS, FORMAL EDUCATION, FUTURE GENERATIONS, HEALTH SERVICES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL LEVELS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IDENTITY, IMPERFECT INFORMATION, INCOME DIFFERENTIAL, INCOME GAP, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, INDIGENOUS GROUPS, INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS, INEQUALITY, INSURANCE, INSURANCE MARKETS, INTEREST RATES, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IRRIGATION, KINSHIP, KINSHIP NETWORKS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LACK OF CREDIT, LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE, LAND ASSETS, LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND RIGHTS, LAND TENURE, LAND TITLING, LANDHOLDINGS, LATIN AMERICAN, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, MARGINAL VALUE, MIGRATION, NATURAL RESOURCES, NORMS, PENSIONS, PER CAPITA INCOME, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POOR, POOR HEALTH, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POOR INFRASTRUCTURE, PORTFOLIO, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY RATES, PRICE FLUCTUATIONS, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, PRODUCTIVE ASSETS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC ASSISTANCE, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC SPENDING, QUALITY CONTROL, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, RATE OF RETURN, RESPECT, RETURN ON INVESTMENT, RISK EXPOSURE, RUNNING WATER, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL MARKETS, SAVINGS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SKILLED WORKERS, SMALLHOLDERS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL MOBILIZATION, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL STRUCTURE, SOCIETIES, SOCIETY, SPOUSES, SUBSISTENCE FARMING, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRADITIONAL VALUES, TRANSACTION COSTS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN ENVIRONMENTS, VULNERABILITY, WAGE DISCRIMINATION, WEALTH, YOUNG CHILDREN