Technical and Economic Assessment of Off-grid, Mini-grid and Grid Electrification Technologies : Annex 1. Detailed Technology Descriptions and Cost Assumptions
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Washington, DC
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This report is part of the Energy and
Water Department's commitment to providing new
techniques and knowledge which complement the direct
investment and other assistance to electrification as
provided by the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) and the International Development
Association (IDA). The purpose of this report is to convey
the results of an assessment of the current and future
economic readiness of electric power generation alternatives
for developing countries. The objective of the technical and
economic assessment was to systematically characterize the
commercial and economic prospects of renewable and fossil
fuel-fired electricity generation technologies now, and in
the near future. The study was designed to cover the widest
possible range of electrification applications faced by
energy services delivery and power system planners, whether
supply is provided through grid networks or stand-alone or
mini-grid configurations. The assessment was conducted using
a standard approach and is presented in a consistent fashion
for each power generation technology configuration. The
assessment time frame includes current status and forecast
development trends over the period 2005-15, while the
economic assessment considers a range of typical operating
conditions (peak, off-peak) and grid configurations
(off-grid, mini-grid, interconnected grid) for various
scales of demand. The technology characterization reflects
the current stage of commercialization, including indicative
cost reduction trends over 10 years. This study is limited
in several ways. First, it is time-bound. It does not
reflect new technology developments or new secular trends
that have emerged since the terms of reference were
formalized. Secondly, it is bound by the available
literature. Thirdly, the results are generalized and
represent averaging over what are important specific
conditions (although the uncertainty analysis accounts for
this somewhat).
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AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, AMBIENT AIR, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE, AMORPHOUS SILICON, ANAEROBIC BACTERIA, ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, ANIMAL DUNG, APPROACH, ASH CONTENT, AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT, AUXILIARY POWER, AVAILABILITY, BALANCE, BATTERIES, BED TEMPERATURE, BIOGAS, BIOMASS, BIOMASS COMBUSTION, BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK, BIOMASS FUEL, BIOMASS FUELS, BIOMASS GAS, BIOMASS GASIFICATION, BOILER, BOILERS, CALORIFIC VALUE, CAPACITY FACTOR, CAPACITY FACTORS, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, CLIMATE CHANGE, COGENERATION, COMBUSTION, COMBUSTION AIR, COMBUSTION CHAMBER, COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS, COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES, COMBUSTOR, CONVENTIONAL GENERATION, CONVERSION EFFICIENCY, COOLING TOWER, COOLING TOWERS, COST OF WIND POWER, DIESEL, DIESEL ENGINE, DIESEL ENGINES, DIESEL GENERATORS, DRILLING, EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT, EFFICIENT LIGHTING, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRIC POWER PLANT, ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS, ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM, ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, ELECTRIC SYSTEM, ELECTRICAL LOADS, ELECTRICAL POWER, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, EMISSION, EMISSIONS, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY NEEDS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, FAST PYROLYSIS, FEEDSTOCK, FLUE GAS, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL PLANTS, FOSSIL FUELS, FUEL, FUEL CONSUMPTION, FUEL COST, FUEL COSTS, FUEL REQUIREMENTS, FUELS, GAS, GAS MIXTURE, GAS STREAM, GAS TREATMENT, GASES, GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS, GASIFICATION PROCESS, GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY, GASOLINE, GASOLINE GENERATOR, GENERATING CAPACITY, GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, GEOTHERMAL CAPITAL COSTS, GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT, GEOTHERMAL ELECTRIC, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION, GEOTHERMAL PLANTS, GEOTHERMAL POWER, GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT, GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS, GEOTHERMAL PRODUCTION, GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR, GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE, GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES, GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS, GEOTHERMAL WELLS, GREENHOUSE GASES, GRID APPLICATIONS, GRID CONNECTION, GRID ELECTRIFICATION, GRID EXTENSION, GRID INTEGRATION, GRID POWER, HEAT, HEAT EXCHANGER, HEAT TRANSFER, HEAVY OIL, HOT ROCKS, HOT WATER, HYDRO POWER, HYDRO POWER PLANTS, HYDROCARBONS, HYDROELECTRIC POWER, HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT, HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS, HYDROTHERMAL RESOURCES, INJECTION PUMP, INJECTION WELLS, INTERNAL COMBUSTION, KINETIC ENERGY, LARGE WIND TURBINES, LP TURBINE, MANURE, MODERN WIND TURBINES, NATURAL GAS, NITROGEN, OIL, OIL PRICES, OILS, ORGANIC MATERIALS, OXYGEN, PEAK LOAD, PEAK LOAD PERIODS, PEAK POWER, PETROLEUM, PETROLEUM GAS, PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER, PIPELINE, PLANT OPERATIONS, PLANT OUTPUT, POLLUTION, POWER, POWER BLOCK, POWER CURVE, POWER ELECTRONICS, POWER GENERATION, POWER GENERATION SYSTEM, POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS, POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES, POWER PLANT, POWER PROJECT, POWER RATIO, POWER SYSTEM, POWER SYSTEMS, PYROLYSIS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE RESOURCE, RESIDUAL OIL, ROTATIONAL SPEED, ROTOR BLADES, ROTOR DIAMETER, RURAL ENERGY, SAND, SILICA, SMALL POWER PLANTS, SMALL WIND TURBINES, SOLAR CELL, SOLAR CELLS, SOLAR COLLECTOR, SOLAR COLLECTOR SYSTEM, SOLAR ENERGY, SOLAR INSOLATION, SOLAR MODULES, SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES, SOLAR POWER, SOLAR POWER PLANTS, SOLAR RADIATION, SOLAR RESOURCE, SOLAR SYSTEMS, SOLAR THERMAL, SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRIC, SOLID BIOMASS, STEAM CAPACITY, STEAM GENERATION, STEAM TURBINE, SUNLIGHT, THERMAL EFFICIENCY, THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, THERMAL ENERGY, THERMAL PLANT, THERMAL POWER, THERMAL POWER GENERATION, THERMAL POWER PLANT, TRANSMISSION LINES, TUBULAR TOWER, TURBINE BLADES, TURBINE DESIGN, TURBINE GENERATOR, TURBINE WIND FARM, TURBULENCE, VEHICLES, VERTICAL AXIS, VOLATILE MATTER, VOLTAGE, WIND, WIND ENERGY, WIND ENERGY GENERATION, WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS, WIND FARM, WIND GENERATOR, WIND GENERATORS, WIND PLANT, WIND POWER, WIND POWER GENERATION, WIND RESOURCE, WIND SPEED, WIND SPEEDS, WIND SYSTEMS, WIND TURBINE, WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY, WIND TURBINES