Crossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan

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dc.creatorJacoby, Hanan G.
dc.creatorMansuri, Ghazala
dc.date2012-03-19T18:03:07Z
dc.date2012-03-19T18:03:07Z
dc.date2011-06-01
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T01:10:51Z
dc.descriptionCan communal heterogeneity explain persistent educational inequities in developing countries? The paper uses a novel data-set from rural Pakistan that explicitly recognizes the geographic structure of villages and the social makeup of constituent hamlets to show that demand for schooling is sensitive to the allocation of schools across ethnically fragmented communities. The analysis focuses on two types of social barriers: stigma based on caste affiliation and female seclusion that is more rigidly enforced outside a girl's own hamlet. Results indicate a substantial decrease in primary school enrollment rates for girls who have to cross hamlet boundaries to attend, irrespective of school distance, an effect not present for boys. However, low-caste children, both boys and girls, are deterred from enrolling when the most convenient school is in a hamlet dominated by high-caste households. In particular, low-caste girls, the most educationally disadvantaged group, benefit from improved school access only when the school is also caste-concordant. A policy experiment indicates that providing schools in low-caste dominant hamlets would increase overall enrollment by almost twice as much as a policy of placing a school in every unserved hamlet, and would do so at one-sixth of the cost.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110628133715
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/3475
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5710
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/415876
dc.languageEnglish
dc.relationPolicy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5710
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectACCESS TO EDUCATION
dc.subjectACCESS TO SCHOOLING
dc.subjectAVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS
dc.subjectCHILD HEALTH
dc.subjectCHILD SURVIVAL
dc.subjectCOGNITIVE TESTS
dc.subjectCOMMUNITIES
dc.subjectDEGREES
dc.subjectDEMAND FOR EDUCATION
dc.subjectDISADVANTAGED GROUP
dc.subjectDISCRIMINATION
dc.subjectDROPOUT RATES
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subjectEDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subjectELEMENTARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
dc.subjectENROLLMENT FOR BOYS
dc.subjectENROLLMENT GAP
dc.subjectENROLLMENT RATE
dc.subjectENROLLMENT RATES
dc.subjectENROLLMENT RATES FOR GIRLS
dc.subjectETHNIC DIVERSITY
dc.subjectEXCLUSION
dc.subjectEXPENDITURES
dc.subjectFAMILIES
dc.subjectFAMILY PLANNING
dc.subjectFAMILY PLANNING SERVICES
dc.subjectGENDER
dc.subjectGENDER DIFFERENCES
dc.subjectGENDER DISPARITY
dc.subjectGENDER GAP
dc.subjectGENDERS
dc.subjectGIRLS
dc.subjectGIRLS SCHOOLS
dc.subjectHEALTH SERVICES
dc.subjectHEALTH WORKERS
dc.subjectHIGH SCHOOL
dc.subjectHIGHER ENROLLMENT
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION
dc.subjectHUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT
dc.subjectINTERVENTIONS
dc.subjectLITERATURE
dc.subjectMIDDLE SCHOOL
dc.subjectMIDDLE SCHOOLS
dc.subjectMINORITY
dc.subjectONSET OF PUBERTY
dc.subjectOPEN ACCESS
dc.subjectPAPERS
dc.subjectPOVERTY ALLEVIATION
dc.subjectPRIMARY CLASSES
dc.subjectPRIMARY GRADES
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
dc.subjectPRIMARY SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPROVISION OF EDUCATION
dc.subjectPUBLIC SCHOOLS
dc.subjectPUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subjectRETURN TO EDUCATION
dc.subjectRETURNS TO EDUCATION
dc.subjectRURAL AREAS
dc.subjectSAFETY
dc.subjectSCHOOL CENSUS
dc.subjectSCHOOL ENTRY
dc.subjectSCHOOL ESTABLISHMENT
dc.subjectSCHOOL FACILITIES
dc.subjectSCHOOL FEES
dc.subjectSCHOOL GIRLS
dc.subjectSCHOOL LOCATION
dc.subjectSCHOOL PARTICIPATION
dc.subjectSCHOOL YEARS
dc.subjectSCHOOLING
dc.subjectSCHOOLING FOR GIRLS
dc.subjectSCHOOLS
dc.subjectSEX
dc.subjectSOCIAL GROUPS
dc.subjectSOCIETY
dc.subjectTEACHER
dc.subjectTEACHERS
dc.subjectTEACHING
dc.subjectUNMARRIED GIRLS
dc.subjectVILLAGE LEVEL
dc.subjectYOUNG BOYS
dc.subjectYOUNG GIRLS
dc.subjectYOUNGER GIRLS
dc.titleCrossing Boundaries : Gender, Caste and Schooling in Rural Pakistan

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