Education and Civil Conflict in Nepal
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Between 1996 and 2006, Nepal experienced
violent civil conflict as a consequence of a Maoist
insurgency, which many argue also brought about an increase
in female empowerment. This paper exploits variations in
exposure to conflict by birth cohort, survey date, and
district to estimate the impact of the insurgency on
education outcomes. Overall conflict intensity, measured by
conflict casualties, is associated with an increase in
female educational attainment, whereas abductions by
Maoists, which often targeted school children, have the
reverse effect. Male schooling tended to increase more
rapidly in areas where the fighting was more intense, but
the estimates are smaller in magnitude and more sensitive to
specification than estimates for females. Similar results
are obtained across different specifications, and robustness
checks indicate that these findings are not due to selective migration.
Palabras clave
ABILITY OF CHILDREN, ACADEMIC STUDIES, ACCESS TO SCHOOLING, ADULT POPULATION, ALCOHOLISM, ARMED CONFLICT, BULLETIN, CAPACITY BUILDING, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD LABOR, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD SOLDIERS, CIVIL CONFLICT, CIVIL WAR, COGNITIVE SKILLS, COMBATANTS, COMPLETION RATES, CONFLICT RESEARCH, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, CONFLICTS, DEATHS, DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIVORCE, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION ATTAINMENT, EDUCATION DATA, EDUCATION OF CHILDREN, EDUCATION OUTCOMES, EDUCATION PROGRAMS, EDUCATION SERVICES, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, ELECTIONS, ENROLLMENT, ETHNIC GROUPS, FACT SHEET, FAMILY HEALTH, FAMILY HEALTH DIVISION, FEMALE EDUCATION, FEMALE EMPOWERMENT, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE SCHOOLING, FEWER YEARS OF EDUCATION, FIGHTING, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER INEQUALITY, GENOCIDE, GIRLS, HEALTH WORKERS, HIGHER EDUCATION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS, HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE, HUSBANDS, IDEAS, IMPACT OF CONFLICT, IMPACT ON CHILDREN, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, LABOR MARKET, LEADERSHIP, LEARNING, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, MAJORITY OF CHILDREN, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION DATA, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MOTHER, NATIONS, NUMBER OF WOMEN, OLD-AGE, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, PARENTS, PEACE, PEACE RESEARCH, PENSIONS, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POLICE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, POLITICAL PARTIES, POLITICAL VIOLENCE, POLYGAMY, POPULATION CENSUS, PRIMARY COMPLETION, PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE, PRIMARY COMPLETION RATES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY EDUCATION COMPLETION, PRIMARY EDUCATION SYSTEMS, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE, PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PROGRESS, PUBLIC SERVICE, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, RECONSTRUCTION, REFUGEE, REMITTANCES, REPRODUCTIVE AGE, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESPECT, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, RURAL EDUCATION, SCHOOL CHILDREN, SCHOOL TEACHERS, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLING OF GIRLS, SCHOOLS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SECURITY FORCES, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE PROVISION, SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIETY, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, TEACHER, TEACHER ABSENTEEISM, TEACHERS, TRADITIONAL APPROACH, UNESCO, VIOLENT CONFLICT, WAR, WARFARE, YOUNG AGE, YOUNG GIRLS, YOUTH