Unraveling the phenomenon of supply‐demand feedback in agricultural water interventions

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dc.creatorAlam, Faiz
dc.creatorMcClain, M. E.
dc.creatorSikka, Alok
dc.creatorSena, Dipaka Ranjan
dc.creatorPande, S.
dc.date2025-10
dc.date2025-10-09T06:58:26Z
dc.date2025-10-09T06:58:26Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-06-27T18:31:59Z
dc.descriptionThe Agricultural water interventions can trigger human-water feedback, including unintended supply demand feedback—where increased water availability drives greater water use. In the Kamadhiya catchment, India, the introduction of check dams (CDs) led to a shift toward more water-intensive crops like cotton and wheat. This study formulates and tests hypotheses to understand these dynamics using an agent-based model (ABM) that integrates a spatially explicit hydrological model with a farmer behavior module. The ABM simulates 38,447 farmers using the RANAS behavioral framework, based on household surveys and observed data. Model results confirm the hypothesized feedback: increased water from CDs led to an 11.9% rise in cotton and 36.1% in wheat areas, boosting incomes and increasing adoption of drip and borewell irrigation, particularly near CDs. While drip irrigation systems improve water efficiency and post-monsoon groundwater levels, the saved water enables further wheat expansion—triggering a second supply demand feedback loop. These changes are spatially concentrated near CDs, exacerbating within-catchment disparities. Overall, about 54% of the additional recharge is used for irrigation expansion, lowering groundwater levels by 1.0 m and reducing the net benefit of recharge interventions. These findings underscore the need to critically understand human-water feedback and value of ABM as a tool to support more informed planning by offering strategies that mitigate negative externalities.
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/176905
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/158643
dc.languageen
dc.publisherWiley
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.sourceAlam, M. F.; McClain, M. E.; Sikka, A.; Sena, D. R.; Pande, S. 2025. Unraveling the phenomenon of supply‐demand feedback in agricultural water interventions. Earth's Future, 13(10):e2025EF005990. doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EF005990
dc.subjectagricultural water management
dc.subjectwater availability
dc.subjectgroundwater recharge
dc.subjectcheck dams
dc.subjectirrigation
dc.subjectfarmers
dc.subjectsimulation models
dc.titleUnraveling the phenomenon of supply‐demand feedback in agricultural water interventions
dc.typeJournal Article

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Instituto Internacional para el Manejo del Agua (IWMI)