From Natural Resources to the Knowledge Economy : Trade and Job Quality
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Washington, DC: World Bank
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The study questions whether, after a
decade of remarkable progress in trade reform, Latin America
and the Caribbean really integrates into the global market,
offering a promising rapid growth, and good jobs for its
workers. For despite the incidence of the loosely called
"knowledge economy", the concern prevails that
most countries' rich natural resources, still are the
determining factor for exports. Policy recommendations
include fostering openness to trade, market access, and
foreign direct investment flows, in addition to building
human capital, institutions, and public infrastructure,
without disregarding the natural advantages. To this end,
policymakers should aim at developing educational systems
that provide quality education, focused on lifelong
learning, and training activities to build human capital.
Emphasis should follow on research and development (R&D)
incentives, and innovations systems, arguing that countries
should experiment with taxation incentives, and subsidies to
promote both private, and public investments in R&D,
(dependent on the institutional capacity of governments to
enforce tax laws, and monitor the quality of investments).
Moreover, evidence in this report, suggests that
information, and communications technology (ICT) can reduce
coordination costs, enabling an effective industrialization,
and market access.
Palabras clave
APPAREL, BILATERAL TRADE, COMMERCIAL POLICY, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES, CONCENTRATION INDEXES, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMICS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, EMPIRICAL STUDIES, EQUILIBRIUM, EXPLOITATION, EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION, EXPORT PROCESSING, EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL TARIFF, FACTOR ENDOWMENTS, FISHING, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FOREIGN TRADE, FORESTRY, FREE TRADE, FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL MARKETS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HUMAN CAPITAL, IMPORTS, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INDUSTRY TRADE, INFORMAL SECTOR, INFORMAL WORKERS, INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVESTMENT FLOWS, KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY, LABOR FORCE, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR SUPPLY, LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES, MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY, MARKET ACCESS, MINES, MINIMUM WAGES, NATURAL RESOURCES, NET EXPORTS, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, OPENNESS, PATTERNS OF TRADE, PRICE CHANGES, PRODUCTION PROCESSES, PROTECTIONISM, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, RATES OF PROTECTION, REAL EXCHANGE RATE, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, SPECIALIZATION, TARIFF PREFERENCES, TAX INCENTIVES, TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TERMS OF TRADE, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, TOURISM, TRADE AGREEMENT, TRADE CLASSIFICATION, TRADE DIVERSION, TRADE FLOWS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE POLICY, TRADE REFORM, TRADE STRUCTURE, TRADE THEORIES, TRADE ZONES, TRANSPORT COSTS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNSKILLED WORKERS, VALUE ADDED, WAGE INEQUALITY, WAGES, WEALTH, WORLD TRADE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO