Malaysia Economic Monitor, December 2013 : High-Performing Education
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World Bank, Bangkok
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Malaysia's economy regained
momentum but yearly growth is set to decelerate in 2013.
Export recovery into 2014 is expected to offset slower
domestic demand and lead to a pick-up in growth. Fiscal
consolidation is picking up pace with subsidy cuts, sin tax
increases, and less generous public service bonuses. The
full implementation of the minimum wage in January 2014 will
provide an additional boost to households, as will increased
cash transfers that are part of the government's
strategy for subsidy rationalization and modernizing social
protection. Malaysia performs very well with respect to
access to education. Enrolments at primary and lower
secondary levels are nearly universal and recent gains in
pre-primary education have been note-worthy. Among East
Asian countries that participated in the 2012 Program for
International Student Assessment (PISA), Malaysian students
only outperform their Indonesian peers, and lag even
lower-income countries (including, by a wide margin,
Vietnam). Expenditure on basic education is more than double
that of other Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
countries and the decline in learning outcomes occurred
while inputs to education were expanding and the size of the
student population was falling. The key constraints to
improving the quality of basic education thus relate not to
the quantity of inputs but institutions. 46 percent of
principals report a lack of qualified teaching staff as a
constraint, and Ministry of Education (MOE) admits that in
recent years some candidates enrolling in teacher training
institutions did not meet minimum requirements of academic
achievement at the secondary level. Lifting these
constraints entails refining some of the measures
recommended in the Education Blueprint for high-performing
education system: (1) moving towards school-based
decision-making; (2) improving parental involvement and
enhancing accountability; and (3) improving incentives and
recruitment for teachers. The government may consider
piloting fixed contract recruitments with tenure contingent
on performance, and tying retraining and up-skilling efforts
with certification.
Palabras clave
ADVANCED ECONOMIES, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY, ANNUAL GROWTH, ASSET POSITION, ASSET QUALITY, ASSETS, BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BANK DEBT, BANKING SECTOR, BANKING SYSTEM, BASIS POINTS, BENCHMARK, BENCHMARK INTEREST RATE, BENEFICIARIES, BILLS, BUDGETING, CAPITAL GOODS, CAPITAL INFLOWS, CAPITAL MARKETS, CAPITAL OUTFLOWS, CAPITAL SECURITIES, CASH TRANSFERS, CENTRAL BANK, COMMODITY PRICES, COMPETITIVENESS, CONSOLIDATION, CONSUMER GOODS, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CONSUMER PRICE INFLATION, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, CONTRIBUTIONS TO INVESTMENTS, CORE INFLATION, CREDIT CARDS, CREDIT GROWTH, CURRENCY, CURRENCY ASSETS, CURRENCY SWAPS, CURRENT ACCOUNT, CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE, CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUS, DEBT, DEBT LEVELS, DEBT RATIOS, DEBT SECURITIES, DEBT SECURITIES MARKET, DEMAND-SIDE FACTORS, DEPOSITS, DEPRECIATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES, DEVELOPMENT BANK, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DISBURSEMENTS, DISORDERLY EXIT, DOMESTIC CONDITIONS, DOMESTIC CURRENCY, DOMESTIC DEMAND, DOMESTIC DEMAND GROWTH, DRAG ON GROWTH, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC MODEL, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, EMERGING ECONOMIES, EQUIPMENT, EQUITIES, EQUITY MARKET, EXCHANGE RATES, EXPENDITURES, EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS, EXPORT GROWTH, EXPORT MARKET, EXPORT PERFORMANCE, EXPORTS, EXPOSURE, EXTERNAL DEMAND, EXTERNAL FINANCING, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FISCAL POLICY, FISCAL POSITION, FIXED ASSETS, FIXED CAPITAL, FIXED INVESTMENTS, FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE, FOOD PRICES, FORECASTS, FOREIGN ASSETS, FOREIGN CURRENCIES, FOREIGN CURRENCY, FOREIGN CURRENCY ASSETS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FOREIGN HOLDINGS, FOREIGN RESERVES, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GLOBAL LIQUIDITY, GLOBAL MARKET, GOVERNMENT BONDS, GOVERNMENT DEBT, GOVERNMENT FINANCES, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION, GROSS NATIONAL INCOME, GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, HOLDING, HOLDINGS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RESOURCE, HUMAN RESOURCES, IMPORT, IMPORT DEMAND, IMPORT GROWTH, IMPORTS, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME TAX, INCOME TAXES, INFLATION, INFLATION DYNAMICS, INFLATION RATE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INSTRUMENT, INTEREST RATES ON MORTGAGE, INTERNATIONAL RESERVES, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INVENTORIES, INVENTORY, INVESTMENT ACTIVITY, INVESTMENT BOOM, INVESTMENT GOODS, INVESTMENT PROJECTS, ISSUANCES, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LEVERAGE, LIQUIDITY, LIQUIDITY CONDITIONS, LIQUIDITY CRISIS, LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT, LOAN, LOW INTEREST RATES, M3, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MARKET INFORMATION, MARKET SHARE, MONETARY AUTHORITIES, MONETARY CONDITIONS, MONETARY FUND, MONETARY POLICIES, MONETARY POLICY, MORTGAGE, MORTGAGE LOANS, MORTGAGES, NATIONAL INCOME, NATURAL RESOURCES, NET EXPORTS, NON-PERFORMING LOANS, OIL PRICES, OIL REVENUE, OUTPUT GAP, PENSIONS, PORTFOLIO, PORTFOLIO FLOWS, PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS, POST-CRISIS PERIOD, PRIVATE CONSUMPTION, PRIVATE DEBT, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE INVESTMENTS, PRODUCTION FUNCTION, PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS, PUBLIC FINANCES, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC SPENDING, PURCHASING POWER, RE-EXPORTS, REAL APPRECIATION, REAL EFFECTIVE EXCHANGE RATE, REAL GDP, REAL WAGE GROWTH, RECESSION, REMUNERATION, RETURN, REVALUATION, SHORT-TERM EXTERNAL DEBT, SLOWDOWN, STRUCTURAL REFORMS, SUPPLY CONDITIONS, SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS, SUPPLY SHOCKS, SUPPLY-SIDE, SURPLUS, TAX, TAX COLLECTIONS, TAX HIKES, TAX INCREASES, TAX REVENUES, TOTAL INVESTMENTS, TOTAL REVENUE, TRADE SHARES, TRADING, TRADING PARTNER, TRANSPARENCY, UNCERTAINTIES, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, VALUE ADDED, WAGES, WEALTH, WORKING CAPITAL, WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, WORLD TRADE