Power System Planning in India : Incorporating Environmental Externality Costs and Benefits
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Washington, DC
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This paper has been prepared in
accordance with the terms of reference for a study on power
system planning in India: incorporating externality costs
and benefits. It reviews estimates of the external costs of
power in international studies as well as in India and
compares the figures available. It also comments on the
validity of the external cost estimates available and the
use made of them in power system planning and regulation
both outside and inside India. The structure is as follows.
Section two reviews the external cost estimates of
electricity generation in the European Union (EU), and other
countries. It also reports some recent work on the external
costs associated with transmission. Some comments for the
range of estimates are offered. Section three reviews a few
studies on external costs for India and compares those with
the international estimates. Section four discusses the
use made of external cost data in power system planning and
regulation both internationally and in India and makes some
recommendations for possible reforms in the Indian case.
Section five reviews the Indian and international estimates
of external costs of hydro and section six does the same for
resettlement and rehabilitation (RR) costs. Section seven
offers some conclusions.
Palabras clave
ACID, ACID DEPOSITION, ACIDIFICATION, AFFORESTATION, AIR, AIR EMISSIONS, AIR POLLUTANTS, AIR POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, AIR QUALITY, AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS, ALTITUDE, AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION, AMAZONIAN RAINFOREST, AMBIENT AIR, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS, APPROACH, ASH, ASH DISPOSAL, ATMOSPHERIC GASES, AVAILABILITY, BALANCE, BARLEY, BED COMBUSTION, BENEFIT ANALYSIS, BENEFIT COST ANALYSIS, BENZENE, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, BIOMASS, BUFFER AREAS, CALCULATION, CANCER, CARBON, CARBON BUDGET, CARBON EMISSIONS, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CARBON STORAGE, CARBON STORAGE IN TROPICAL FORESTS, CARBON VALUES, CATALYTIC REDUCTION, CH4, CHEMICAL OXIDATION, CLEAN COAL, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO, CO2, COAL, COAL PLANT, COAL PLANTS, COMBUSTION, CONSERVATION AREAS, CONTINGENT VALUATION, CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD, COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, COST EFFECTIVENESS, COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, COSTS OF ELECTRICITY, DECISION MAKING, DEFORESTATION, DENSE FOREST, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DIESEL, DISPERSION MODELING, DOMESTIC COAL, ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS, ECONOMIC VALUE, ELECTRIC ENERGY, ELECTRIC POWER, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY GENERATION, EMISSION, EMISSION CEILINGS, EMISSIONS, EMISSIONS CAPS, EMISSIONS REGULATIONS, EMISSIONS STANDARDS, EMPLOYMENT, ENERGY CROPS, ENERGY DEMAND, ENERGY POLICY, ENERGY SOURCE, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS, ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMISTS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS, ESP, EXISTENCE VALUES, EXTERNAL COSTS, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FISHERIES, FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, FLUE GAS, FLUE GASES, FOREST, FOREST CONSERVATION, FOREST ECOSYSTEM, FOREST ECOSYSTEMS, FOREST LAND, FOREST LANDS, FOREST LOSSES, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST PRODUCTS, FOREST RESERVE, FOREST RESIDUES, FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, FOREST RESOURCES, FOREST SECTOR, FOREST TYPE, FOREST USE, FORESTRY, FORESTRY SECTOR, FORESTS, FOSSIL, FOSSIL FUEL, FOSSIL FUEL POWER, FOSSIL FUELS, FUEL CYCLE, FUEL TYPE, GAS, GENERATION CAPACITY, GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY, GREEN ACCOUNTING, GROUND LEVEL OZONE, HARMFUL EMISSIONS, HAZARDOUS WASTE, HEAT, HEDONIC PRICING, HYDRO POWER, HYDROPOWER, INCINERATION, LANDFILL, LIMESTONE, LOGGING, LOSS OF FOREST, LOSS OF FORESTS, MARKET PRICES, N2O, NATURAL GAS, NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES, NITRATES, NITROGEN, NO2, NON-USE VALUES, NOX, NUCLEAR POWER, O3, OIL, OZONE, OZONE PRECURSORS, PARTICLES, PARTICULATE, PARTICULATE MATTER, PM10, POLICY MAKERS, POLLUTERS, POLLUTION, POLLUTION CONTROL, POPULATION DENSITIES, POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES, POWER GENERATION, POWER GENERATORS, POWER PLANT, POWER PLANTS, POWER SECTOR, POWER SECTOR EMISSIONS, POWER SECTOR PLANNING, POWER SHORTAGES, POWER STATION, POWER STATIONS, POWER SYSTEM, POWER SYSTEM PLANNING, POWER SYSTEMS, PP, PRESENT VALUE, PRIMARY ENERGY, PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE, PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY, PRODUCTION OF ENERGY, PRODUCTION OF POWER, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PROPERTY VALUES, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, PVC, QUALITY STANDARDS, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, RADIATION, RAIN, RAW MATERIAL, RECYCLING, REDUCING EMISSIONS, RENEWABLE ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, SO2, STACK HEIGHT, STREAMS, SULFATES, SULFUR, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE FOREST, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH, TEMPERATURE, TEMPERATURE CHANGE, THERMAL POWER, TIMBER, TIMBER HARVESTING, TRANSMISSION LINES, TRAVEL COST METHOD, TREE PLANTATIONS, TROPICS, URBAN AIR POLLUTION, USE VALUE, VOC, VOLTAGE, WASTE DISPOSAL, WATER POLLUTION, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WIND, WIND POWER, WTP, ZINC