Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization

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dc.creatorJensen, Jesper
dc.creatorTarr, David G.
dc.date2012-03-19T18:02:14Z
dc.date2012-03-19T18:02:14Z
dc.date2011-05-01
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-01T00:59:44Z
dc.descriptionThis paper develops an innovative 21 sector computable general equilibrium model of Armenia to assess the impact on Armenia of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the European Union, as well as further regional or multilateral trade policy commitments. The analysis finds that such an agreement with the European Union will likely result in substantial gains to Armenia, but shows that the gains derive from the deep aspects of the agreement. In order of importance, the sources of the gains are: (i) trade facilitation and reduction in border costs; (ii) services liberalization; and (iii) standards harmonization. A shallow agreement with the European Union that focuses only on preferential tariff liberalization in goods will likely lead to small losses to Armenia primarily due to a loss of productivity from lost varieties of technologies from the rest of the world region in manufactured products. Additional gains can be expected in the long run from an improvement in the investment climate. The authors estimate only small gains from a services agreement with countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, but significant gains from expanding services liberalization multilaterally.
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dc.formattext/plain
dc.identifierhttp://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110518082525
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/3425
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5662
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/414001
dc.languageEnglish
dc.relationPaper is funded by the Knowledge for Change Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5662
dc.rightsCC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rightsWorld Bank
dc.subjectADVANCED COUNTRIES
dc.subjectAGRICULTURE
dc.subjectAIR
dc.subjectAIR TRANSPORT
dc.subjectBANKING SERVICES
dc.subjectBASE YEAR
dc.subjectBENCHMARK
dc.subjectBENCHMARK EQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectCAPITAL GOOD
dc.subjectCAPITAL STOCK
dc.subjectCENTRAL ELASTICITY
dc.subjectCOMMODITIES
dc.subjectCOMMODITY
dc.subjectCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
dc.subjectCOMPETITIVENESS
dc.subjectCONSTANT ELASTICITY OF TRANSFORMATION
dc.subjectCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subjectCOST REDUCTION
dc.subjectCOST STRUCTURE
dc.subjectCOST STRUCTURES
dc.subjectCOUNTRY OF ORIGIN
dc.subjectCUSTOMS UNION
dc.subjectDEMAND CURVE
dc.subjectDEMAND CURVES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subjectDEVELOPING COUNTRY
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT INTENSITY
dc.subjectDEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subjectDOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subjectDOMESTIC PRODUCTION
dc.subjectECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES
dc.subjectECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
dc.subjectECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
dc.subjectECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
dc.subjectECONOMIC INTEGRATION
dc.subjectECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectECONOMIC REFORM
dc.subjectECONOMIC RESEARCH
dc.subjectECONOMIC THEORY
dc.subjectECONOMICS LITERATURE
dc.subjectELASTICITIES
dc.subjectELASTICITY
dc.subjectELASTICITY OF DEMAND
dc.subjectELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION
dc.subjectELASTICITY OF SUPPLY
dc.subjectELASTICITY VALUES
dc.subjectEQUILIBRIUM
dc.subjectEXPORT MARKETS
dc.subjectEXPORTERS
dc.subjectEXPORTS
dc.subjectEXTERNALITIES
dc.subjectEXTERNALITY
dc.subjectFACTORS OF PRODUCTION
dc.subjectFEDERAL RESERVE
dc.subjectFEDERAL RESERVE BANK
dc.subjectFINANCIAL SUPPORT
dc.subjectFIRM PERFORMANCE
dc.subjectFIXED RATE
dc.subjectFOOD INDUSTRY
dc.subjectFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
dc.subjectFOREIGN FIRMS
dc.subjectFOREIGN GOODS
dc.subjectFOREIGN INVESTMENT
dc.subjectFOREIGN OWNERSHIP
dc.subjectFREE ACCESS
dc.subjectFREE TRADE
dc.subjectFREE TRADE AGREEMENT
dc.subjectFREE TRADE AGREEMENTS
dc.subjectGDP
dc.subjectGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
dc.subjectGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL
dc.subjectGLOBAL INTEGRATION
dc.subjectGLOBALIZATION
dc.subjectGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subjectHARMONIZATION
dc.subjectIMPERFECT COMPETITION
dc.subjectIMPORT DUTIES
dc.subjectINCOME
dc.subjectINCOMES
dc.subjectINCREASING RETURNS
dc.subjectINCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subjectINSPECTION
dc.subjectINSURANCE
dc.subjectINTERMEDIATE GOODS
dc.subjectINTERMEDIATE INPUTS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS
dc.subjectINTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectINVESTMENT BARRIERS
dc.subjectINVESTMENT CLIMATE
dc.subjectKNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS
dc.subjectLAND TRANSPORT
dc.subjectLEGAL FRAMEWORK
dc.subjectLESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
dc.subjectLOCALIZATION
dc.subjectLOSS OF TARIFF REVENUE
dc.subjectMANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
dc.subjectMANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectMARGINAL COST
dc.subjectMARGINAL COSTS
dc.subjectMARGINAL PRODUCT
dc.subjectMARGINAL REVENUE
dc.subjectMARKET ACCESS
dc.subjectMARKET SHARE
dc.subjectMARKET SHARES
dc.subjectMONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
dc.subjectMULTILATERAL TRADE
dc.subjectMULTINATIONAL FIRMS
dc.subjectOPEN ECONOMIES
dc.subjectOPEN ECONOMY
dc.subjectOPENNESS
dc.subjectOPTIMAL TARIFFS
dc.subjectOPTIMIZATION
dc.subjectOUTPUT
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL AGREEMENT
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL REDUCTION
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL TARIFF
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL TRADE
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
dc.subjectPREFERENTIAL TRADE AREAS
dc.subjectPRICE INDEX
dc.subjectPRIMARY FACTORS
dc.subjectPRIMARY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
dc.subjectPRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
dc.subjectPRODUCTION COSTS
dc.subjectPRODUCTION FUNCTION
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
dc.subjectPRODUCTIVITY INCREASES
dc.subjectRAILROAD
dc.subjectRAILWAY
dc.subjectRAILWAYS
dc.subjectRATE OF RETURN
dc.subjectRATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL
dc.subjectREAL ESTATE
dc.subjectREDUCTION OF BARRIERS
dc.subjectREGIONAL INTEGRATION
dc.subjectREGIONAL TRADE
dc.subjectREGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
dc.subjectREGIONALISM
dc.subjectREGULATORY BARRIERS
dc.subjectREGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
dc.subjectREGULATORY REGIMES
dc.subjectRETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subjectROAD TRANSPORT
dc.subjectRULES OF ORIGIN
dc.subjectSAFETY
dc.subjectSINGLE MARKET
dc.subjectSMALL COUNTRIES
dc.subjectSUPPLY CURVE
dc.subjectSUPPLY CURVES
dc.subjectTARIFF BARRIERS
dc.subjectTARIFF DATA
dc.subjectTARIFF EQUIVALENCE
dc.subjectTARIFF PREFERENCES
dc.subjectTARIFF PROTECTION
dc.subjectTARIFF RATE
dc.subjectTARIFF RATES
dc.subjectTARIFF REDUCTION
dc.subjectTARIFF REVENUE
dc.subjectTAX
dc.subjectTECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
dc.subjectTELECOMMUNICATIONS
dc.subjectTERMS OF TRADE
dc.subjectTERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS
dc.subjectTHIRD WORLD
dc.subjectTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subjectTRADE BARRIERS
dc.subjectTRADE DATA
dc.subjectTRADE DIVERSION
dc.subjectTRADE DIVERSION COSTS
dc.subjectTRADE FACILITATION
dc.subjectTRADE FLOW DATA
dc.subjectTRADE LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectTRADE PARTNERS
dc.subjectTRADE PATTERNS
dc.subjectTRADE POLICY
dc.subjectTRADE REFORM
dc.subjectTRANSITION ECONOMIES
dc.subjectTRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE
dc.subjectTRANSMISSION OF TECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectTRANSPORT
dc.subjectTRANSPORT ACTIVITIES
dc.subjectTRANSPORT SERVICES
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION COSTS
dc.subjectTRANSPORTATION SERVICES
dc.subjectTRUCKS
dc.subjectTRUE
dc.subjectUNIFORM TARIFFS
dc.subjectUNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION
dc.subjectUNILATERAL REFORM
dc.subjectURUGUAY ROUND
dc.subjectVARIABLE COSTS
dc.subjectVEHICLE
dc.subjectWELFARE GAINS
dc.subjectWELFARE IMPACTS
dc.subjectWELFARE LOSS
dc.subjectWORLD ECONOMY
dc.subjectWORLD INVESTMENT REPORT
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE
dc.subjectWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
dc.subjectWTO
dc.subjectZERO PROFITS
dc.subjectZERO TARIFFS
dc.titleDeep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization

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