Migrant Opportunity and the Educational Attainment of Youth in Rural China
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper investigates how reductions
of barriers to migration affect the decision of middle
school graduates to attend high school in rural China.
Change in the cost of migration is identified using
exogenous variation across counties in the timing of
national identity card distribution, which made it easier
for rural migrants to register as temporary residents in
urban destinations. The analysis first shows that timing of
identification card distribution is unrelated to local
rainfall shocks affecting migration decisions, and that
timing is not related to proxies reflecting time-varying
changes in village policy or administrative capacity. The
findings show a robust negative relationship between migrant
opportunity and high school enrollment. The mechanisms
behind the negative relationship are suggested by observed
increases in subsequent local and migrant non-agricultural
employment of high school age young adults as the size of
the current village migrant network increases.
Palabras clave
ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT, AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, AVERAGE ENROLLMENT, BASIC EDUCATION, BORROWING, BULLETIN, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAPITAL RETURNS, CAPITAL STOCKS, CHILD LABOR, CITIZENSHIP, COLLEGE EDUCATION, COLLEGES, COMPULSORY EDUCATION, CONSTRAINTS ON ACCESS, COST OF EDUCATION, CREDIT CONSTRAINT, CREDIT CONSTRAINTS, CREDIT MARKET, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEMAND FOR EDUCATION, EARLY EDUCATION, EARNINGS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC REFORM, ECONOMIC REFORMS, ECONOMIC TRANSITION, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, EDUCATED CHILDREN, EDUCATION ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND, EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES, EDUCATIONAL INVESTMENTS, EDUCATIONAL SUBSIDIES, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENDOWMENTS, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT GROWTH, ENROLLMENT OF CHILDREN, ENROLLMENT RATES, EXPENDITURES, EXTENDED FAMILY, FAMILIES, FAMILY BUSINESSES, FAMILY INCOME, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY PREFERENCES, FARMERS, FEMALE MIGRANTS, FERTILITY, FINANCIAL REFORM, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FORMAL SCHOOLING, GENDER, GENDER GAPS, GENDER STRATIFICATION, GREEN REVOLUTION, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH INSURANCE, HIGH SCHOOL, HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION, HIGH SCHOOLS, HIGHER ENROLLMENT, HIGHER ENROLLMENT RATES, HIGHER INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HOUSEHOLDS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INCOME INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY, INFORMAL CREDIT, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INVESTMENT DECISION, INVESTMENT DECISIONS, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCES, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOUR MARKET, LABOUR MARKETS, LAND TENURE, LEARNING, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LITERATURE, LIVING STANDARDS, LOAN PROGRAM, LOAN PROGRAMS, LOCAL ECONOMY, LOCAL LABOR MARKET, LONG-TERM MIGRANT, MAJORITY OF CHILDREN, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, MIDDLE SCHOOL, MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION, MIGRANT, MIGRANT POPULATION, MIGRANT REMITTANCES, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MOTHER, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUMBER OF MIGRANTS, OLDER CHILDREN, PACIFIC REGION, PAPERS, PHYSICAL ASSETS, PHYSICAL CAPITAL, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION CENSUS, POPULATION DECLINES, POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION, POTENTIAL MIGRANTS, POVERTY REDUCTION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PROFITABILITY, PROGRESS, PROPERTY RIGHT, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, PUSH FACTOR, RECEIPT, REGISTRATION SYSTEM, RESEARCH GRANTS, RESEARCHERS, RESIDENCE STATUS, RESPECT, RETURNS TO EDUCATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COUNTIES, RURAL RESIDENTS, RURAL STUDENTS, SAVINGS, SCHOLARS, SCHOOL AGE, SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN, SCHOOL COMPLETION, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL GRADUATE, SCHOOL GRADUATES, SCHOOL QUALITY, SCHOOL TUITION, SCHOOLING, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY ENROLLMENT, SHORT-TERM MIGRANTS, SOCIAL BENEFITS, SOCIAL NETWORK, SOCIAL NETWORKS, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SOURCE OF INFORMATION, SPOUSE, STATE UNIVERSITY, STUDENT LOAN, STUDENT LOAN PROGRAM, STUDENT LOAN PROGRAMS, TECHNICAL TRAINING, TEEN, TEENAGERS, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TEST SCORES, TRAINING PROGRAMS, TUITION, TUITION COSTS, TUITIONS, UNIVERSITIES, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, URBAN AREA, URBAN AREAS, URBAN MIGRATION, VILLAGE, VILLAGE LEADERS, VILLAGE LEVEL, VILLAGES, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WORK EXPERIENCE, WORKERS, WORKFORCE, YOUNG ADULTS, YOUTH