Inequality of Economic Opportunity in Turkey
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World Bank, Ankara
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Using information on asset ownership,
housing quality, and access to services to construct an
indicator of household wealth, the author estimates the
share of inequality among prime-age Turkish women that can
be attributed to unequal opportunities. Both parametric and
non-parametric estimation methods are used, and robustness
to some sample redefinitions is verified. The author find
that at least one-third (one-fourth) of overall wealth
(imputed consumption) inequality in Turkey is associated
with morally irrelevant, pre-determined circumstances. The
circumstances that account for the largest share of the
variance are rural or urban birth area and father's
education. Controlling for rural birth, parents'
education, language spoken at home, and number of siblings,
a three-way regional breakdown of birthplace is not an
important predictor of wealth. An opportunity deprivation
profile reveals that more than two thirds of the most
deprived group in Turkey consists of women born in the rural
areas of the Eastern region, from mothers with no formal education.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO SERVICES, AGRICULTURAL LAND, ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, ASSESSMENT OF INEQUALITY, ASSETS, BENCHMARK, BETWEEN-GROUP INEQUALITY, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY, CONSUMPTION LEVELS, CUMULATIVE POPULATION, DECOMPOSITION OF INEQUALITY, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, DISCRIMINATION, DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS, DISTRIBUTION OF OPPORTUNITIES, DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, DISTRIBUTIONS OF WEALTH, DOWNWARD BIAS, DURABLE GOODS, EARNINGS INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC OUTCOMES, ECONOMIC THEORY, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, ETHNIC MINORITIES, FUNCTIONAL FORM, FUTURE RESEARCH, GINI COEFFICIENT, GROUP MEANS, GROWTH PROCESS, HETEROSKEDASTICITY, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, INCOME, INCOME DIFFERENCES, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVELS, INCOMES, INDEXES OF INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY AVERSION, INEQUALITY INDEX, INEQUALITY MEASUREMENT, INEQUALITY MEASURES, INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITIES, INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY, INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY, INTERNATIONAL COMPARABILITY, LABOR MARKET, LEVELS OF INEQUALITY, LINEAR REGRESSION, LINEAR RELATIONSHIP, LIVING STANDARDS, MEAN LOG DEVIATION, MEASURE OF INEQUALITY, MEASURES OF INEQUALITY, MEASURING INEQUALITY, NEGATIVE EFFECT, OPPORTUNITY SET, OPPORTUNITY SETS, OVERALL INEQUALITY, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, PER CAPITA DISTRIBUTIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, POOR, POPULATION SHARE, POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP, PUBLIC ECONOMICS, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, RELATIVE POSITION, RURAL, RURAL AREA, RURAL AREAS, RURAL WOMEN, SANITATION, SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES, SOCIAL MOBILITY, SOCIAL POLICY, TARGETING, TOTAL INEQUALITY, UNEQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, WAGES, WEALTH