Growth, Urbanization, and Poverty Reduction in India
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Longstanding development issues are
revisited in the light of a newly-constructed data set of
poverty measures for India spanning 60 years, including 20
years since reforms began in earnest in 1991. The study
finds a downward trend in poverty measures since 1970, with
an acceleration post-1991, despite rising inequality. Faster
poverty decline came with higher growth and a more pro-poor
pattern of growth. Post-1991 data suggest stronger
inter-sectoral linkages: urban consumption growth brought
gains to the rural as well as the urban poor, and the
primary-secondary-tertiary composition of growth has ceased
to matter, as all three sectors contributed to poverty reduction.
Palabras clave
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, GROWTH RATES, POVERTY POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, CAPITA INCOME, POVERTY LINE, IMPACT ON POVERTY, RURAL INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, SIGNIFICANT EFFECT, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, URBAN GROWTH, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, POVERTY LEVELS, PRO- POOR, GROWTH ELASTICITY, ECONOMIC LITERATURE, INCOME, URBAN POVERTY, POVERTY INDICES, POVERTY RATES, FARM PRODUCTIVITY, REDUCED INEQUALITY, LABOR FORCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, POVERTY CHANGES, POST-REFORM, RURAL PRICE INDICES, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, NATIONAL POVERTY, POOR PEOPLE, RURAL LABOR, POVERTY GAP INDEX, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT, INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, GLOBAL POVERTY, RURAL POPULATION, RURAL POOR, MEASURES, RURAL SECTORS, POVERTY MEASURES, 0 HYPOTHESIS, POVERTY REDUCTION, PER CAPITA INCOMES, PRO-POOR, POVERTY DECLINE, RURAL POPULATIONS, POVERTY DEBATE, ABSOLUTE VALUE, RISING DEMAND, MEASURING POVERTY, PER CAPITA INCOME, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY REDUCING, GROWTH EFFECT, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY CHANGE, INEQUALITY MEASURES, INCOME INEQUALITY, GINI INDEX, POVERTY INCIDENCE, RURAL POVERTY DECLINE, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POLICY ISSUES, CAPITA INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, ECONOMIC REFORMS, POOR GROWTH, OUTPUT GROWTH, POVERTY IMPACT OF GROWTH, URBAN WORKERS, ECONOMIC REFORM, FOOD ITEMS, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY LINES, RURAL HEADCOUNT, ANNUAL CHANGE, POVERTY DATA, CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION SHARE, RURAL SECTOR, POVERTY MEASURE, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, HIGHER INEQUALITY, DEPENDENT VARIABLE, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES, DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, STRUCTURAL BREAK, RURAL GROWTH, ERROR TERMS, POOR COUNTRIES, RURAL ECONOMIC GROWTH, DEVELOPING WORLD, RURAL POVERTY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, URBAN AREAS, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, RURAL ECONOMY, RURAL PRICES, AGGREGATE OUTPUT, RURAL, POVERTY POVERTY, RURAL WORKERS, ERROR TERM, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE, URBAN POOR, ECONOMICS, SKILLED LABOR, SECTORAL COMPOSITION, CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, RURAL RESIDENTS, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, POST- REFORM, GROWTH RATE, RURAL AREAS, POVERTY, INEQUALITY WILL, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, ABSOLUTE TERMS, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POOR LIVING, PRO-POOR GROWTH, POLICY RESEARCH, RAPID GROWTH, POVERTY RATE, POOR, NON-INCOME” DIMENSIONS, POVERTY IMPACT, DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS, SQUARED POVERTY GAP INDEX, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, UNSKILLED LABOR, GROWTH PROCESS, RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, RURAL HEADCOUNT, HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, INEQUALITY, GROWTH