Impact of Export Destinations on Firm Performance
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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This paper evaluates the role of export
destinations on productivity, employment, and wages of
Turkish firms by comparing the performance of firms that
export to low-income destinations and high-income
destinations with firms that do not export. A combination of
propensity score matching and difference-in-differences
methods are employed on a rich set of firm observables,
including sector, region, employment, total factor
productivity (TFP), capital intensity, wages, support from
government, ownership, and the research and development
intensity of firms. Four sets of findings emerge from the
analysis: i) Export entry has a positive causal effect on
firm TFP and employment and this effect is strengthened as a
firm continues to export. ii) In contrast, export entry has
a moderate wage effect that emerges only with a lag. iii)
Unlike exporting to high-income destinations, exporting to
low-income destinations does not result in significantly
higher firm TFP and wages. iv) The employment effect of
exporting to low-income destinations is comparable to that
of exporting to high-income destinations.
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AGRICULTURE, BALANCE SHEET, BENCHMARKS, CENTRAL BANK, CUSTOMS, DEVALUATION, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, DIVERSIFICATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMICS RESEARCH, EMPLOYEE BENEFITS, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, EXPORT, EXPORT GROWTH, EXPORT MARKET, EXPORT MARKETS, EXPORT PERFORMANCE, EXPORTS, FINANCIAL CRISES, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FIRM SIZE, FIRMS, FOREIGN MARKETS, GDP, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, GROWTH PATHS, HUMAN RESOURCES, ID, INCOME, INCOME GROUPS, INDUSTRY PRODUCTIVITY, INNOVATION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRY, MANUFACTURING, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, MARKET ENTRY, MATERIAL, MOTIVATION, OPEN ACCESS, PER CAPITA INCOME, PERFORMANCES, PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS, PRODUCTIVITY, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES, R&D, RESULT, RESULTS, SKILLED WORKERS, SMALL FIRM, SMALL FIRMS, SOFTWARE COMPONENTS, SUNK COSTS, TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE BARRIERS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE POLICY, USES, VALUE ADDED, WAGES, WEB