Globalization, Wages, and the Quality of Jobs : Five Country Studies
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World Bank
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The country studies in this volume
analyze the link between globalization and working
conditions in Cambodia, El Salvador, Honduras, Indonesia,
and Madagascar. These countries vary significantly in
population, economic circumstances, region, history, and
institutions. All have experienced liberalization and
globalization in the last 20 years. The heterogeneity of
these countries provides the basis for a useful comparison
of the effects of globalization on working conditions. As
suggested in the framework, each country study has three
main components: a description of the country's
experience with globalization, a qualitative part that
analyzes country-specific aspects of working conditions, and
an analysis of changes in interindustry wage differentials
(IIWDs) that can be compared across countries. In general,
globalization has been characterized by export-driven
foreign direct investment (FDI) concentrated in relatively
few sectors. Export-driven FDI in the apparel sector plays a
prominent role in each country, although to varying degrees.
In Cambodia, apparel made up 82 percent of all merchandise
exports in 2003. Nearly two-thirds of that total was
destined for the U.S. market. Virtually all factories in the
Cambodian garment sector are foreign owned. Honduras rose
from being the 34th largest supplier of apparel to the
United states (U.S.) market in 1990 to fourth place in 2003.
In 2003, two-thirds of all Honduran exports to the U.S. were
garments and more than 82 percent of all Honduran workers
worked in foreign-owned factories. A similar pattern emerges
for El Salvador. For Madagascar, apparel exports from the
Zone Franche were the primary force behind the
country's remarkable export growth and its transition
from exporting primary products to exporting manufactured
products between 1990 and 2005. By 2001, Madagascar had
become the second most important clothing exporter in
Sub-Saharan Africa as measured by total export value.
Palabras clave
AGRICULTURE, ANTI-SWEATSHOP MOVEMENT, APPAREL FACTORIES, APPAREL INDUSTRY, APPAREL SECTOR, AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY, AVERAGE WAGE, AVERAGE WAGES, BARGAINING, BARGAINING POWER, CHILD LABOR, COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, COMPENSATING WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, COMPENSATION, COMPETITIVE LABOR MARKETS, COMPETITIVE MARKETS, COMPETITIVENESS, COMPULSORY LABOR, CONSUMERS, CORE LABOR STANDARDS, CORPORATE CODE, CORPORATE CODES, CORPORATE CODES OF CONDUCT, CORPORATE POLICY, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, DIMINISHING RETURNS, DOMESTIC MARKET, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS, ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, ECONOMICS, ECONOMICS LITERATURE, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION, EFFICIENCY WAGES, EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS, EMPLOYMENT SHARE, EXPORT GROWTH, EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE, EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES, EXPORT-PROCESSING ZONES, EXPORTS, EXTERNALITIES, FACTOR MARKETS, FACTORY MANAGERS, FIRM LEVEL, FIRM SIZE, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FREE TRADE, FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION, FUTURE RESEARCH, GDP, GDP PER CAPITA, GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES, GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS, GNP, GNP PER CAPITA, GOVERNMENT REGULATION, GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, HIGH WAGES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN RESOURCE, HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, ILO CONVENTIONS, IMPERFECT COMPETITION, IMPORT QUOTAS, IMPROVED WORKING CONDITIONS, INCOME, INCOME LEVELS, INDUSTRIAL WAGE, INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTICS, INDUSTRY WAGE, INFORMAL SECTOR, INJURIES, INNOVATION, INNOVATIONS, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL MARKET, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, JOB CREATION, JOB LOSS, JOBS, LABOR CONDITIONS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR LAW, LABOR MANAGEMENT, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET RIGIDITIES, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MOBILITY, LABOR MOVEMENT, LABOR MOVEMENTS, LABOR PRACTICES, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LABOR RELATIONS, LABOR STANDARDS, LABORERS, LABOUR, LEGAL STATUS, MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS, MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES, MANPOWER, MARKET WAGES, MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES, MULTINATIONAL FIRMS, NATIONAL INCOME, OCCUPATIONS, OVERTIME, PAYING JOBS, PER CAPITA INCOME, PERSONNEL, POSITIVE EFFECTS, POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES, PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTION PROCESS, PRODUCTIVE FIRMS, PRODUCTIVITY, PROFIT MARGINS, PROFIT MAXIMIZING, PROPERTY RIGHTS, QUOTA RENTS, QUOTAS, RATCHETING LABOR STANDARDS, REAL WAGE, REAL WAGES, REGRESSION ANALYSES, RENTS, RIGHT TO COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, RISK AVERSE, SAFEGUARDS, SAFETY, SAFETY STANDARDS, SEVERANCE PAY, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, SUPPLIERS, SUPPLY CHAIN, SUPPLY CHAINS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE POLICY, TRADE UNIONS, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYED WORKERS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNFAIR COMPETITION, UNION MEMBERSHIP, UNSKILLED LABOR, VALUE ADDED, WAGE DATA, WAGE DETERMINATION, WAGE DIFFERENTIAL, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, WAGE EFFECTS, WAGE INEQUALITY, WAGE PREMIUM, WAGE PREMIUMS, WAGE RATE, WAGE RATES, WAGE STRUCTURE, WAGES, WEALTH, WOMEN WORKERS, WORKER, WORKER HETEROGENEITY, WORKER PRODUCTIVITY, WORKING, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKPLACE, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, WTO, YOUNG WORKERS