Female Labor Force Participation in Turkey : Trends, Determinants and Policy Framework
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Washington, DC
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Turkey has been collaborating with the
World Bank in developing macroeconomic policies and
implementing various reforms such as social security,
investment climate, competitiveness, labor market, and
public sector management. One of the salient features of the
labor market in Turkey is the distinctly lower labor force
participation (LFP) rates of women. As of January 2009,
female LFP in Turkey was 23.5 percent. Urbanization and the
move out of subsistence agriculture have had a profound
effect on employment patterns for women, especially among
those who have not attained university education. Family
farming and subsistence agriculture have become less and
less important as other more attractive opportunities expand
in the service and manufacturing sectors. In the ninth
development plan the Turkish Government has set goals to
increase the number of women who are actively employed. The
national action plan for gender equality emphasizes that
using women's talents and skills in the labor market
not only provides families with more economic independence,
but also increases women's self-confidence and social
respectability. Higher female employment is instrumental in
building capacity for economic growth and poverty reduction.
Higher levels of female employment allow government
investments in education to be used more efficiently as
women use their acquired talents. Policies that can help
improve women's opportunities for more and better jobs
in Turkey include: (a) creating job opportunities for first
time job seekers; and (b) promoting early childhood
development programs (ECD), such as preschool education and
public or subsidized childcare programs.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO EDUCATION, ACCESS TO JOBS, ACTIVE LABOR, AGE DISTRIBUTION, AGE GROUP, AGE GROUPS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, BIRTHS, BUSINESS CYCLE, CAREGIVERS, CHILD BIRTH, CHILD CARE, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD PROTECTION, CHILDBEARING, COLLEGE GRADUATE, CREATING JOB, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES, DESCRIPTION, DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, DIVORCE, DRIVERS, DROPOUT, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EARLY RETIREMENT, ECONOMIC BENEFITS, ECONOMIC CHANGES, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECONOMIC PROGRESS, ECONOMIC THEORY, EDUCATED MOTHERS, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATION OF GIRLS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYABILITY, EMPLOYEE, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT ORGANIZATION, EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS, EMPLOYMENT POLICY, EMPLOYMENT PROBABILITY, EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION, EMPLOYMENT RATE, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, EQUALITY BETWEEN WOMEN, EXTERNALITIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FAMILY ROLES, FAMILY WELFARE, FEMALE, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS, FEMALE LABOR, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, FEMALE PARTICIPANTS, FEMALE POPULATION, FEMALE WORKERS, FEMALES, FERTILITY, FERTILITY RATE, FERTILITY RATES, FEWER HOUSEHOLDS, FIRST BIRTH, FIRST CHILD, FIRST PREGNANCY, FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS, FUTURE GENERATIONS, GENDER, GENDER DISCRIMINATION, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, GENDER RELATIONS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, HOMEOWNERS, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WEALTH, HOUSEHOLD WORK, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUSBANDS, ILLITERATE WOMAN, ILLITERATE WOMEN, ILLNESS, IMMUNIZATION, INCOME SUPPORT, INEQUALITY, INFORMAL SECTOR, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERVENTIONS, INVESTMENTS IN EDUCATION, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB SEEKERS, JOBS, LABOR DEMAND, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR FORCE POPULATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKET INDICATORS, LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES, LABOR MARKET REGULATION, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR REGULATION, LABOR SUPPLY, LABOUR, LABOUR ORGANIZATION, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIFE EVENTS, MALE COUNTERPARTS, MALE WORKERS, MARITAL STATUS, MARKET WAGE, MARKET WAGES, MARRIAGE AGE, MARRIAGES, MARRIED WOMEN, MIGRANT, MIGRANT WOMEN, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION DECISIONS, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION STATUS, NATIONAL ACTION, NATIONAL ACTION PLAN, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUMBER OF WOMEN, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, PLAN FOR GENDER EQUALITY, POLICY FRAMEWORK, PREGNANCIES, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PRODUCTIVE YEARS, PROPORTION OF WOMEN, PUBLIC SUPPORT, REAL WAGES, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, RETAIL TRADE, RISING UNEMPLOYMENT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL ENVIRONMENT, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL LABOR, RURAL LABOR MARKETS, RURAL SETTLEMENTS, RURAL WOMEN, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SELF EMPLOYMENT, SELF-CONFIDENCE, SELF-ESTEEM, SINGLE WOMEN, SOCIAL AWARENESS, SOCIAL CHANGES, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL RESEARCH, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICES, SOCIETAL NORMS, STATE PLANNING, STATUS OF WOMEN, SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TOTAL LABOR FORCE, TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT, TRADE UNIONS, TRADITIONAL VALUES, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, UNMARRIED WOMEN, UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS, UNPAID WORKERS, URBAN AREAS, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, URBAN WOMEN, URBANIZATION, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WAGE DATA, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, WAGE LEVEL, WAGE LEVELS, WAGE RATE, WAGE RATES, WOMAN, WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE, WOMEN IN SOCIETY, WOMENS EDUCATION, WOMENS EMPLOYMENT, WORKER, WORKFORCE, WORKING - AGE POPULATION, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING HOURS, WORKING WOMEN, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, YOUNG AGES, YOUNG CHILDREN, YOUNG MEN, YOUNG WOMEN, YOUTH, YOUTH TRAINING