Investing in Trees and Landscape Restoration in Africa
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World Bank, Washington, DC
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Reforestation measures for degraded
lands, strategies for the sustainable management of forest
resources, and agroforestry practices that incorporate trees
into farming systems are increasingly demonstrating their
promise for producing commercialized tree products. Although
the level of investment so far has remained modest, the
challenge is to find ways to scale up promising investments
in a way that will have a clear impact at the landscape
level. These types of investments can help achieve the
triple wins of climate-smart agriculture: increased incomes
and yields, climate change adaptation and greenhouse gas
mitigation.Market trends are promising for a wide range of
tree-based technologies, including tropical fruits, cashews,
honey, timber and wood products, lipids, gums and resins,
tree crops, and agroforestry systems. In many cases, African
entrepreneurs, farmers, civil society, and governments have
responded dynamically to the widespread challenge of land
degradation. The continent is dotted with landscapes where
production of trees on farms and in managed forests has
grown dramatically to meet market and subsistence needs;
sustainable agricultural practices and revegetation have
restored soils and watersheds; and key conservation areas
are being protected. However, this is not happening at the
scale required by societal needs in Africa. In part, this is
due to a lack of strategic cooperation and coordination
between private sector investors and land managers (who are
focused on realizing profitable opportunities and meeting
their own needs) and public and civil society actors (who
are focused on restoring forest cover and ecosystem
services). Such coordination is only possible when the
biophysical potential for landscape restoration, private
sector investment opportunity and incentives, and societal
demand for multiple benefits converge. Much can be learned
from examples of large-scale landscape restoration in
Ethiopia, Kenya, Niger, Tanzania, and Zambia, and the
variable roles of the private sector, farmers, government,
and civil society in supporting and undertaking investment.
Palabras clave
ACACIA, ADB, AFFORESTATION, AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK, AFRICAN FARMERS, AGRIBUSINESS, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AGRICULTURAL FIELDS, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION, AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT, AGRICULTURAL LAND, AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, AGRICULTURAL YIELDS, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION, AGROCHEMICAL, AGROFORESTRY, ANIMALS, ANNUAL CROPS, AVERAGE YIELDS, AVOCADOS, BANANAS, BIODIVERSITY, BIOMASS ENERGY, BUTTER, CAPITA CONSUMPTION, CARBON, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, CASSAVA, CASTOR BEANS, CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH, CEREAL CROP, CERTIFICATION STANDARDS, CGIAR, CHEMICAL INPUTS, CHOCOLATE, CIFOR, CINNAMON, CITRUS FRUITS, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATIC ZONES, COCOA, COCOA BUTTER, COCOA PRICES, COCONUT, COFFEE, COFFEE EXPORTS, COFFEE GROWERS, COFFEE PRODUCTION, COFFEE SYSTEMS, COMMODITIES, COMMODITY, COMMUNITY FORESTRY, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, CONSERVATION FARMING, CONSERVATION TILLAGE, CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, CONTINUOUS CROPPING, CROP, CROP DIVERSIFICATION, CROP PRODUCTION, CROP PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, CROP ROOT ZONE, CROP SYSTEMS, CROP YIELDS, CROPPING, CROPPING SYSTEMS, CROPS, CULTIVATION, CULTIVATION OF TREES, DECISION MAKING, DEFORESTATION, DEGRADED LANDS, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DIETARY FIBER, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, ECOSYSTEMS, EFFECTS OF DROUGHT, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, FALLOWING, FAO, FARM, FARMER, FARMERS, FARMING, FARMING SYSTEMS, FARMLAND, FARMS, FEED, FERTILIZER, FOOD CROPS, FOOD PRODUCTS, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD YIELDS, FOREST, FOREST GOVERNANCE, FOREST MANAGEMENT, FOREST POLICY, FOREST PRODUCTS, FORESTRY RESEARCH, FORESTS, FOSSIL FUELS, FRESH FRUIT, FRUIT CROPS, FRUITS, FUELWOOD, GARDENS, GERMPLASM, GRAIN, GRAPES, GREENHOUSE GAS, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GROUND LEVEL, GUAVAS, GUM ARABIC, GUMS, HARVEST, HARVESTING, HONEY, HONEY PRODUCTION, HORTICULTURE, HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT, ICRAF, IFAD, INTERCROP SYSTEM, INTERCROPPING, INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, LAND DEGRADATION, LAND MANAGEMENT, LAND USE, LANDSCAPE RESTORATION, LEAF LITTER, LEGUMINOUS TREES, LEMONS, LIMES, LIVESTOCK, LOGGING, MAIZE, MAIZE PRODUCTION, MAIZE YIELDS, MANGOES, MILK, MILLET, MULCH, MULCH COVER, MULCHING, NARS, NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM, NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS, NATURAL REGENERATION, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES, OIL, OIL PALM, OIL PRICES, ORANGES, OUTGROWER SCHEMES, PAPAYA, PAPAYAS, PINEAPPLES, PLANT BIODIVERSITY, PLANT BIOMASS, PLANTATIONS, POLICY MAKERS, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION GROWTH RATES, PRODUCE, PRODUCER GROUPS, PRODUCER ORGANIZATIONS, PRODUCERS, PRODUCT LINES, PRODUCT QUALITY, PRODUCTION COSTS, PRUNING, RA, RANGELANDS, RAW MATERIALS, RENEWABLE RESOURCES, REPLANTING, RESINS, ROOTS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL INCOME, SAVANNAS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, SEED, SEEDS, SHADE TREES, SHADE-GROWN SYSTEMS, SMALL FARMERS, SOIL CONSERVATION, SOIL DEGRADATION, SOIL DEPTH, SOIL EROSION, SOIL FERTILITY, SOIL HEALTH, SOIL MOISTURE, SOIL NITROGEN, SOILS, SORGHUM, SPACING, SPATIAL PATTERNS, STREAMS, SUGAR, SUGAR CONSUMPTION, SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, TEA, THE CONSULTATIVE GROUP, TIMBER, TIMBER TREE, TIMBER TREES, TOBACCO, TRANSACTION COSTS, TREE CROPS, TREE DENSITY, TREE PLANTING, TREE SPECIES, TREE SYSTEMS, TREES, TREES IN FARMING SYSTEMS, TROPICAL FRUITS, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, UNITED NATIONS, UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, URBANIZATION, VEGETABLES, VEGETATION, VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION, WATER STORAGE, WATERSHED, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, WEED GROWTH, WIND EROSION