Social Protection in Pakistan : Managing Household Risks and Vulnerability
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Washington, DC
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The report is the result of an
inter-institutional collaborative effort between the
Government of Pakistan, civil society, and international
donors. This report finds that while Pakistan implements a
wide array of social protection programs, the effectiveness
of these programs could be significantly improved. The
report finds that social protection programs in Pakistan
face important constraints in terms of coverage, targeting,
and implementation, and inability to respond to
vulnerability, which will need to be overcome in order that
they can more effectively protect the poor. The report
suggests a two-pronged approach for social protection
reform: (i) improving the ability of safety net programs to
reach the poor, promote exit from poverty, and respond to
natural disasters; coupled with (ii) a longer term approach
for strengthening social security. Considering social
protection as a system rather than a collection of different
programs would allow the government to curtail
fragmentation, improve the quality of social protection
spending, and have higher impact. Given fiscal constraints,
the report suggests that coverage expansion first exploits
the opportunity for efficiency improvements in current
programs, through better targeting and reduction in
duplication and overlap. However, the decline in real
spending on the two main safety net programs is worrisome.
It is therefore welcome that the government is considering
how best to ensure adequate yet fiscally affordable spending
on safety nets as part of its draft social protection strategy.
Palabras clave
ACCESS TO CREDIT, ACCESS TO MARKETS, ACTUARIAL CALCULATIONS, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SHOCKS, ANTI-POVERTY, ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS, ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, BENEFICIARIES, BENEFICIARY, BENEFIT LEVELS, BORROWING, CASH BENEFITS, CASH FLOWS, CASH SUPPORT, CASH TRANSFER, CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS, CASH TRANSFERS, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD LABOR, CHILD PROTECTION, CHILD SUPPORT, CHRONIC POVERTY, COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, CONDITIONAL CASH, CONDITIONAL TRANSFERS, CONSUMERS, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, CONTRIBUTION, CONTRIBUTION RATES, CONTRIBUTIONS, COPING STRATEGIES, CURRENT PROGRAMS, DEBT, DISABILITY, DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS, DONOR FUNDS, DROUGHT, DROUGHTS, ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, EDUCATION PROGRAMS, EDUCATION RESOURCES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMS, EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION, EXTREME VULNERABILITY, FEEDING PROGRAMS, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, FOOD FOR EDUCATION, FOOD INTAKE, FOOD POVERTY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, FOOD SHORTAGES, FOOD STAMPS, FOOD SUBSIDIES, FORMAL EMPLOYMENT, FORMAL INCOME, GENERAL POPULATION, GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE, GOVERNMENT PENSIONS, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH SERVICES, HIGH INEQUALITY, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IMPACT OF SHOCKS, IMPACT ON POVERTY, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INCOME EARNING CAPACITY, INCOME FLUCTUATIONS, INCOME SUPPORT, INCOME VOLATILITY, INDIVIDUAL RISKS, INEQUALITY, INFORMAL ECONOMIES, INFORMAL MECHANISMS, INFORMAL TRANSFERS, INFORMAL WORKERS, INSURANCE, INSURANCE MARKETS, INSURANCE SCHEME, INTERNATIONAL DONORS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR SUPPLY, LIABILITY, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LONG-TERM SAVINGS, LOSS OF INCOME, LOW COST, LOW INCOME, MAJOR ASSETS, MARKET FAILURES, MARKET PRICES, MEANS TEST, MEANS TESTING, MICRO FINANCE, MINIMUM PENSION, NATIONAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, NATURAL DISASTER, NATURAL DISASTERS, NEAR POOR, NUTRITION, NUTRITION OUTCOMES, OLD AGE, PAYROLL TAXES, PENSION, PENSION COVERAGE, PENSION FUND, PENSION SCHEME, PENSION SCHEMES, PENSIONS, PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, POLITICAL SUPPORT, POOR, POOR CHILDREN, POOR GIRLS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POVERTY ESTIMATES, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY LEVELS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, POVERTY RELIEF, PRICE SUBSIDIES, PRIVATE ASSISTANCE, PRIVATE INSURANCE, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, PROBABILITY, PRODUCTIVE ASSETS, PROGRAM COVERAGE, PROTECTION MECHANISMS, PROTECTION POLICIES, PROTECTION SYSTEM, PROTECTION SYSTEMS, PROVISION OF CARE, PUBLIC ASSISTANCE, PUBLIC DEBT, PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, PUBLIC INTERVENTIONS, PUBLIC PENSION, PUBLIC WORKS, REFORM PROGRAM, REFUGEE POPULATION, RETIREMENT, RETIREMENT BENEFITS, RISK COPING, RISK MANAGEMENT, RISK MITIGATION, RISK POOLING, RISK-POOLING, RURAL, RURAL AREAS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SAFETY NET, SAFETY NET PROGRAMS, SAFETY NETS, SAVINGS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL MEALS, SCHOOL SYSTEM, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SHARE OF BENEFITS, SHARE OF RESOURCES, SHOCK, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL BENEFITS, SOCIAL CARE, SOCIAL INSURANCE, SOCIAL PENSIONS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS, SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS, SOCIAL WELFARE, STAKEHOLDERS, STRUCTURAL REFORMS, SUPPORT PROGRAM, SUPPORT PROGRAMS, TARGETING, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSFER PROGRAM, TRANSFER SYSTEMS, TRANSIENT POVERTY, ULTRA POOR, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, UNINSURED RISK, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, VULNERABLE GROUPS, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, WAGE RATES, WAGES, WELFARE SYSTEM, WHEAT SUBSIDY, WORK INCENTIVES, WORKFARE, WORKS CONTRACTS, WORKS PROGRAM, ZAKAT