Gaining from Migration : Trends and Policy Lessons in the Greater Mekong Sub-region
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World Bank, Thailand
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This report contributes to the migration
policy debates in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) by
providing evidence of the impacts of migration; at the same
time, it outlines possible policy approaches to increase
benefits from migration. The study focuses primarily on
Thailand and Myanmar: the main labor receiving and sending
countries, respectively, in the GMS. This report not only
presents the recent migration trends and drivers in the GMS
but also addresses policy issues related to the economic and
social impact of migration on countries both receiving and
sending labor; it also addresses the issue of migrants'
welfare including social services; and the role of migration
policy and institutions. The findings challenge several
existing paradigms of developing country migration research
and may have broader transferability. Specifically, the
proceeding analysis suggests: (a) demographic and income
differences among the GMS countries drive migration within
the region, suggesting the rising prominence of South-South
migration; (b) migration in the GMS tends to be long-term,
contrasting the more temporary nature of migration from most
of the world's developing countries; and (c) economic
factors contribute to migration within the region
significantly more so than political factors.
Palabras clave
ABUSE, ACCOUNTING, ADB, AGED, AGEING POPULATIONS, AGING, ASYLUM, ASYLUM-SEEKERS, BANKING SECTOR, BASIC EDUCATION, BORDERS, BRAIN DRAIN, CENSUSES, CHILD LABOR, CITIZENS, COERCION, COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, CRIME, CURRENT PRICES, DEBT, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, DEPORTATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DIASPORA, DISASTERS, DISCRIMINATION, DISSEMINATION, DOCUMENTED MIGRANTS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC STABILITY, ECONOMIC TRANSITION, ELDERLY, EMIGRANTS, EMIGRATION, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, EQUILIBRIUM MODELS, ESSENTIAL SOCIAL SERVICES, EXERCISES, EXPATRIATES, EXTERNALITIES, FAMILIES, FAMILY MEMBERS, FEMALE MIGRANTS, FINANCIAL DEEPENING, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL RISK, FINANCING SOURCES, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, GLOBAL POPULATION, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EXPENDITURES, HEALTH FACILITIES, HEALTH INSURANCE, HEALTH SERVICES, HOME COUNTRIES, HOSPITAL, HOSPITALIZATION, HOSPITALS, HOST COUNTRIES, HOST COUNTRY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN TRAFFICKING, ILL HEALTH, ILLEGAL ENTRY, ILLNESS, IMMIGRANT, IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRATION, IMPACT OF MIGRATION, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES, INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS, INTERNATIONAL BANKS, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT, INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION, IRREGULAR MIGRANTS, IRREGULAR MIGRATION, JOB CREATION, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, JOB SECURITY, LABOR COSTS, LABOR EXPLOITATION, LABOR FORCE, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR MIGRATION, LABOR SHORTAGES, LABOR SUPPLY, LAWS, LEGAL PROTECTION, LEGAL STATUS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOCAL POPULATION, LONG-TERM MIGRANT, LONG-TERM MIGRANTS, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, MARKET ECONOMY, MICROFINANCE, MIGRANT, MIGRANT LABOR, MIGRANT WORKERS, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MIGRATION DATA, MIGRATION FLOW, MIGRATION FLOWS, MIGRATION POLICIES, MIGRATION POLICY, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MOBILITY, MORTALITY, MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, NATIONAL EFFORTS, NATIONAL INTEREST, NATIONAL SECURITY, NATIVE WORKERS, NATURAL DISASTERS, NEW ENTRANTS, NUMBER OF MIGRANTS, NUMBER OF WORKERS, OUTPATIENT CARE, POLICY DIALOGUE, POLICY PROCESS, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, POPULATION DECLINES, POPULATION DIVISION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRODUCTIVITY, PROFITABILITY, PROPENSITY TO SAVE, PUBLIC AWARENESS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES, PUBLIC OPINION, PUBLIC SERVICES, PULL FACTOR, PULL FACTORS, PURCHASING POWER, PURCHASING POWER PARITY, PUSH FACTORS, RECIPIENT COUNTRIES, RECIPIENT COUNTRY, REFUGEES, REGIONAL COOPERATION, REMITTANCE, REMITTANCES, RETIREMENT, SAFETY NET, SAVINGS, SCHOOL ENROLMENTS, SEX, SEX TRAFFICKING, SHORT-TERM MIGRANT, SHORT-TERM MIGRANTS, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, SOCIAL COHESION, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL FACTORS, SOCIAL IMPACT, SOCIAL RESEARCH, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SERVICE, SOCIAL SERVICES, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, SPILLOVER, SPOUSE, SUBSIDIARY, TELEVISION, TRANSPORT, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANT, UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS, UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN, URBAN AREAS, VICTIMS, VULNERABILITY, WAGES, WAR, YOUNG POPULATIONS