Building Resilience for Sustainable Development of the Sundarbans : Strategy Report
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Washington, DC
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Recognizing the importance and
uniqueness of the Sundarbans, the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
declared the Indian portion of the forest a World Heritage
Site in 1987, and the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program
has included the Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve in the Global
Network of Island and Coastal Biosphere Reserves
Contributing to Action on Climate Change and Sustainable
Development. While the Sundarbans region is celebrated for
its ecological attributes, it is a difficult place to live
in. The inhabited portions of India s Sundarbans are
characterized by severe poverty, which both contributes to
and arises from the vulnerability of the population to a
growing range of natural hazards. Resilience is
characterized by a capacity to adapt to changing conditions
and persistent stresses by responding effectively. However,
the resilience of those residing in the Sundarbans has been
undermined by a long series of persistent pressures. Sea
level rise, salinization of soil and water, cyclonic storms
and flooding have combined over the past century to render
this one of the most hazardous areas in the Indian subcontinent.
Palabras clave
ADVERSE EFFECTS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES, AGRICULTURE, AIR, AIR POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY, ANIMAL, ANIMALS, AQUACULTURE, AQUATIC SPECIES, BASIC HUMAN NEEDS, BAY, BEAR, BIODIVERSITY, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY LOSS, BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION, BIOSPHERE, BIOSPHERE RESERVE, BUFFER AREA, CARBON, CARBON CREDITS, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON MARKETS, CASE STUDIES, CHILD MORTALITY, CITIZENS, CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM, CLIMATE, CLIMATE CHANGE, CO, CO2, COAST, COASTAL COMMUNITIES, COASTAL ZONE, COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT, COLORS, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, CONSERVATION, CONSERVATION GOAL, CONSERVATION INTERVENTIONS, CONSERVATION OF NATURE, CONSTRUCTION, CORE AREA, CRITICAL AREAS, CROPS, CYCLONES, DEFORESTATION, DESALINATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, DISABILITY, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, DISEASES, DISSEMINATION, DRINKING WATER, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ECOSYSTEM, ECOSYSTEMS, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICITY DEMAND, EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ENTITLEMENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTS, EQUILIBRIUM, EROSION, EROSION CONTROL, ESTUARIES, ESTUARINE, ESTUARINE SYSTEMS, FAMILY HEALTH, FERTILITY, FISH, FISH PRODUCTION, FISHERIES, FISHING, FLOODING, FLOODS, FOOD SECURITY, FOREST, FOREST COVER, FOREST DEGRADATION, FOREST ECOSYSTEM, FOREST PRODUCTS, FOREST USE, FOREST ZONE, FORESTRY, FORESTS, FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE, FRESHWATER, FUELS, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE, GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HABITATS, HARM, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH RISKS, HEALTH SERVICES, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN HABITATION, HUMAN LIFE, HUMAN SETTLEMENTS, HUMANWILDLIFE CONFLICTS, HYDROLOGY, ILLNESS, ILLNESSES, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, IPCC, ISSUES, KNOWLEDGE BASE, LAND AREA, LAND SUBSIDENCE, LAND USE, LEGAL STATUS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS, LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES, LIVESTOCK, LIVING STANDARDS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, LOCAL COMMUNITY, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, LOCAL POPULATION, MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS, MANGROVE FOREST, MANGROVE REFORESTATION, MANGROVES, MEDICAL CARE, METALS, METEOROLOGY, MIGRANT, MIGRANTS, MIGRATION, MORTALITY, NATIONAL ACTION, NATIONAL ACTION PLAN, NATIONAL PARK, NATURAL HABITATS, NATURAL RESOURCES, NUTRIENT CYCLING, NUTRITION, OSMOSIS, PERSONAL CAPACITY, PERVERSE INCENTIVES, PETROLEUM, PLANT, PLANTATIONS, POACHING, PONDS, POOR HEALTH, POPULATION FIGURES, POPULATION GROWTH, POPULATION PRESSURES, PROPERTY RIGHTS, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC SERVICE, QUALITY OF LIFE, REDUCING EMISSIONS, REFERRAL SYSTEM, REGULATORY AUTHORITIES, REGULATORY AUTHORITY, RESERVE AREAS, RESERVE FORESTS, RESERVES, RESTORATION, RICE PRODUCTION, RISK MANAGEMENT, RIVER, RIVER DOLPHIN, RIVER SYSTEMS, ROADS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SAFE DRINKING WATER, SAFE WATER, SAFETY NET, SALINITY, SANITATION, SATELLITE IMAGERY, SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, SEA LEVEL, SEA LEVEL RISE, SEASONAL BASIS, SEDIMENT, SERVICE DELIVERY, SOCIAL CONDITIONS, SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SPECIES, STORMS, STREAMS, STUDY AREA, SURFACE AREA, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TEMPORARY MIGRATION, TIGER, TIGER RESERVE, TIGERS, TIMBER, TIMBER PRODUCTS, TOURISM, TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, TOXIC METALS, TRANSPORTATION, TROPICAL CYCLONES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN ENVIRONMENTS, VILLAGES, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, VULNERABILITY, VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, WATER MANAGEMENT, WATER RESOURCES, WATER SUPPLIES, WETLAND, WETLAND MANAGEMENT, WILDLIFE, WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WMO, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WTP