Environmental Health and Child Survival : Epidemiology, Economics, Experiences
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Washington, DC : World Bank
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This report complements Repositioning
Nutrition as Central to Development by looking at
environmental health issues that affect child health
broadly, while also exploring the links through
malnutrition. This report argues that environmental health
interventions are preventive measures that are imperative to
improve child survival with sustainable results in the long
term. Preventive measures, such as improving environmental
conditions are effective in reducing a child's exposure
to a disease agent and thereby averting infection. The
overall aim of this report is to provide information to
decision-makers on the optimal design of policies to help
reduce premature deaths and illness in children under five
years of age. To protect the health, development, and
wellbeing of young children, decision-makers must identify
and reduce environmental risk factors by providing
appropriate interventions that prevent and diminish
exposures. This study is intended to advance the
understanding of what those risk factors are, when and how
to reduce children's exposure to them, and how to
mitigate their consequent health impact.
Palabras clave
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME, ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION, ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS, AGE DISTRIBUTION, AIR POLLUTION, ANEMIA, ANOREXIA, ANTIMALARIAL RESISTANCE, ARI, ASPHYXIA, BIOLOGICAL FACTORS, BLEEDING, BLIND, BREASTFEEDING, BURDEN OF DISEASE, CASES OF DIARRHEA, CAUSES OF DEATH, CEREBRAL MALARIA, CHEMOTHERAPY, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD SURVIVAL, CHILDBIRTH, CHILDHOOD ILLNESS, CHRONIC DISEASES, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLINICAL TRIALS, COAL, COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS, COHORT STUDIES, COLD CHAIN, COMMUNITY ACTION, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES, CYCLE OF POVERTY, DEATH RATE, DEHYDRATION, DELIVERY OF WATER, DENGUE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEWORMING, DIAGNOSIS, DIARRHEA, DIARRHEAL DISEASES, DIETS, DISABILITY, DISEASE BURDEN, DISEASE SURVEILLANCE, DISEASE TRANSMISSION, DISEASE TREATMENT, DISSEMINATION, DRUG RESISTANCE, DRUGS, DYSENTERY, EARLY CHILDHOOD, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL, ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL RISK, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED DISEASES, EPIDEMICS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, EXERCISES, EXTERNALITIES, FETAL DEATH, FETUS, FOOD PRODUCTION, FORMULATION OF STRATEGIES, GENDER EQUALITY, GOOD GOVERNANCE, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HAZARD, HAZARDS, HEALTH BURDEN, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CONDITIONS, HEALTH EFFECTS, HEALTH IMPACT, HEALTH INTERVENTIONS, HEALTH LEGISLATION, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HEALTH PROMOTION, HEALTH RISKS, HEALTH SECTOR, HEALTH SERVICES, HEALTH SYSTEM, HEALTH SYSTEMS, HELMINTHIASIS, HELMINTHS, HIV, HIV INFECTION, HIV TRANSMISSION, HOOKWORM, HOOKWORM INFECTION, HOOKWORMS, HOSPITALS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HUMAN ACTIVITY, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS, HYGIENE, ILLNESSES, IMMUNE DEFICIENCY, IMMUNE PREGNANT WOMEN, IMMUNITY, IMMUNIZATION, IMMUNODEFICIENCY, IMPAIRMENTS, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION, INFECTION, INFECTION DURING PREGNANCY, INFECTIONS, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INFLAMMATION, INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTERVENTION, INTESTINAL PARASITES, INTESTINAL WORMS, IRON, IRREVERSIBILITY, LACK OF FOOD, LEADING CAUSES, LEGAL STATUS, LIVE BIRTHS, LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES, LIVING CONDITIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, LOSS OF APPETITE, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, MALABSORPTION, MALARIA, MALARIA CONTROL, MALARIA INFECTION, MALARIA INFECTIONS, MALNOURISHED CHILDREN, MALNUTRITION, MATERNAL DEATHS, MATERNAL HEALTH, MEASLES, MEDICAL RESEARCH, MEDICAL TREATMENT, MENINGITIS, METABOLISM, MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MORBIDITY, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY, MORTALITY, MORTALITY RATE, NATURAL RESOURCES, NEGATIVE EFFECTS, NEONATAL TETANUS, NUTRITION, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, OBESITY, OLDER CHILDREN, ORAL REHYDRATION, ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY, PANDEMIC, PARASITES, PARASITIC INFECTIONS, PARASITIC WORMS, PATHOGENS, PATIENTS, PERINATAL MORTALITY, PERSONAL HYGIENE, PERTUSSIS, PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS, PNEUMONIA, POLICY INSTRUMENTS, POLLUTION, POOR HEALTH, PREGNANCY, PREGNANT WOMAN, PREGNANT WOMEN, PRENATAL CARE, PREVALENCE, PRODUCTIVITY, PROGNOSIS, PUBLIC HEALTH, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, RISK FACTORS, RISK OF MALARIA, ROTAVIRUS, RUBELLA, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SAFE DRINKING WATER, SANITARY CONDITIONS, SANITATION, SCHISTOSOMIASIS, SLUM DWELLERS, SMOKERS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TRACHOMA, TROPICAL MEDICINE, TRYPANOSOMIASIS, TYPHOID, TYPHOID FEVER, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, URBAN AREAS, VACCINATION, VACCINATION CAMPAIGNS, VACCINE, VACCINES, VECTOR CONTROL, VICIOUS CYCLE, VIRUSES, VULNERABLE GROUPS, WALKING, WASTE, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WEIGHT GAIN, WHOOPING COUGH, WILLINGNESS TO PAY, WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WORLD POPULATION, WTP, YOUNG CHILDREN