Poverty in Mexico : An Assessment of Conditions, Trends, and Government Strategy
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Washington, DC
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This report presents the results of an
assessment of poverty conditions in Mexico, and the
Government strategies to reduce poverty. It constitutes the
first phase of a longer-term work program on poverty
reduction in Mexico, that the Bank is undertaking, in
collaboration with the Government during the period
2003-2006. The current situation in the country is mixed,
with respect to poverty. In terms of well-being, Mexico has
experienced major progress in some dimensions - notably
related to basic service access - but much weaker progress
on others - notably on the income of the poor. Despite the
gains between 1996 and 2002,and in particular, for the
extreme poor, poverty remains widespread, and is only
slightly below the levels prevailing before the 1994195
crisis. The report relates to government strategy, and its
strengths. The CONTIGO framework is excellent as a
conceptual framework, especially in its attempt to integrate
the multiple dimensions of well-being, and public action
into a life-cycle approach. There are notable successes in
specific programs -with "Oportunidades" (i.e.,
"Opportunities") unusual in its combination of
highly effective targeting, and broad reach amongst the
extreme poor. The emphasis on evaluation is commendable,
while the recent introduction of the Ley de Desarrollo
Social (Social Development Law) is a potentially valuable
attempt to institutionalize the social development strategy,
and in particular, provide more continuity across government
administrations. But challenges still remain. The quality of
services is a major issue in many sectors, for although
social policies for the extreme poor are well developed,
policies for their income growth are not. There is a broader
pending agenda for the moderate poor, especially with
respect to improving the productivity of the self-employed,
and informal enterprises. Most of the extreme and moderate
poor fall outside the formal social protection system, and
face significant risks, i.e., health, unemployment or lack
of income in old age. And there are a wide range of
institutional issues to be tackled - from strengthening
accountability, especially under decentralized structures,
to social incorporation of excluded groups - as well as
linking of rigorous evaluation to results-based management.
Section A of the report discusses poverty conditions,
Section B reviews government strategy, and, Section C
provides brief concluding comments on public action, and
future analysis.
Palabras clave
POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, POVERTY REDUCTION, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS, SOCIAL POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, POVERTY INCIDENCE, INCOME LEVELS, BASIC SERVICES, POVERTY DEPTH, PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT, TARGETED ASSISTANCE, VULNERABLE GROUPS, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, QUALITY OF SERVICE, INCOME GROWTH, SELF EMPLOYED WORKERS, ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, INFORMAL SECTOR, SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS, HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS, ACCOUNTABILITY, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, CLINICS, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK, COUNTRY CONDITIONS, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, DIRECT INVESTMENT, DRINKING WATER, ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, ECONOMIC CONTEXT, ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, EDUCATION LEVEL, EXCLUDED GROUPS, EXTREME POVERTY, FAMILIES, FARM INCOME, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, FORESTRY, HEALTH INDICATORS, HEALTH PROGRAMS, HEALTH STATUS, HOUSEHOLD DURABLES, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSING, HUMAN CAPITAL, INCOME GROWTH, INCOME INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVEL, INDIGENOUS GROUPS, INEQUALITY, INFANT MORTALITY, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE SURVEY, LABOR MARKET, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIVING CONDITIONS, MANUFACTURING SECTOR, MEAN INCOME, MINIMUM WAGES, NATIONAL LEVEL, NATIONAL LEVELS, NUTRITION, OLD AGE, PER CAPITA INCOME, POLICY FRAMEWORK, POOR, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POPULATION GROWTH, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POVERTY CHANGES, POVERTY COMPARISONS, POVERTY GAP, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY STATUS, POVERTY TRENDS, PRIVATE CONSUMPTION, PUBLIC ACTION, PUBLIC EDUCATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC HEALTH, PUBLIC POLICY, PUBLIC SERVICES, PUBLIC SPENDING, PUBLIC TRANSFERS, PURCHASING POWER, REAL WAGES, RESOURCE USE, RURAL AREAS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, SAMPLE SIZE, SAVINGS, SCHOOLS, SERVICE DELIVERY, SERVICE PROVISION, SOCIAL CONTEXT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL GROUPS, SOCIAL INDICATORS, SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SOCIAL POLICIES, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SPENDING, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIAL VARIABLES, STRUCTURAL REFORMS, TARGETING, TAX REVENUES, TERTIARY EDUCATION, UNEMPLOYMENT, URBAN AREAS, WATER SUPPLY, WORKERS, YOUNG PEOPLE