Age at First Child Does Education Delay Fertility Timing? The Case of Kenya
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Completing additional years of education
necessarily entails spending more time in school. There is
naturally a rather mechanical effect of schooling on
fertility if women tend not to have children while
continuing to attend high school or college, thus delaying
the beginning of and shortening their reproductive life.
This paper uses data from the Kenyan Demographic and Health
Surveys of 1989, 1993, 1998, and 2003 to uncover the impact
of staying one more year in school on teenage fertility. To
get around the endogeneity issue between schooling and
fertility preferences, the analysis uses the 1985 Kenyan
education reform as an instrument for years of education.
The authors find that adding one more year of education
decreases by at least 10 percentage points the probability
of giving birth when still a teenager. The probability of
having one's first child before age 20, when having at
least completed primary education, is about 65 percent;
therefore, for this means a reduction of about 15 percent in
teenage fertility rates for this group. One additional year
of school curbs the probability of becoming a mother each
year by 7.3 percent for women who have completed at least
primary education, and 5.6 percent for women with at least a
secondary degree. These results (robust to a wide array of
specifications) are of crucial interest to policy and
decision makers who set up health and educational policies.
This paper shows that investing in education can have
positive spillovers on health.
Palabras clave
ADOLESCENCE, ADOLESCENT, ADOLESCENT CHILDBEARING, ADOLESCENT FERTILITY, ADOLESCENT GIRLS, ADOLESCENT HEALTH, ADOLESCENT MOTHER, ADOLESCENT MOTHERS, ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY, ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR, ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH POLICY, ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY, ADOLESCENTS, ADULTHOOD, AGE AT MARRIAGE, AGE AT MENARCHE, AGE OF MARRIAGE, AGED, AUTONOMY OF WOMEN, AVERAGE AGE, BIRTH COHORT, BIRTH WEIGHTS, BIRTHS, CHILD BEARING, CHILD BY AGE, CHILD CARE, CHILD HEALTH, CHILD HEALTH CARE, CHILD MORBIDITY, CHILD MORTALITY, CHILD SURVIVAL, CHILDBEARING, CHILDBIRTH, CLASSROOM, CLINICS, COMPLETION RATES, COMPLICATIONS, COMPULSORY SCHOOLING, CONTRACEPTION, CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, CONTRACEPTIVE USE, CONTROL OVER RESOURCES, COUNTRIES WITH HIGH FERTILITY RATES, CULTURAL CHANGE, DECISION MAKING, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DROPOUT, EARLY CHILDBEARING, EARLY MARRIAGE, EARLY PREGNANCIES, EARLY PREGNANCY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATED WOMEN, EDUCATION OF WOMEN, EDUCATION REFORM, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES, EDUCATIONAL LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, EDUCATIONAL POLICIES, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATES, ETHNIC GROUP, ETHNIC GROUPS, EXCESS FERTILITY, EXTENDED FAMILY, FACT SHEET, FAMILY INCOME, FAMILY PLANNING, FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES, FAMILY SIZE, FAMILY TIES, FEMALE EDUCATION, FEMALE STUDENTS, FERTILITY, FERTILITY BEHAVIOR, FERTILITY LEVELS, FERTILITY PATTERNS, FERTILITY PREFERENCES, FERTILITY RATES, FERTILITY REGULATION, FERTILITY TRENDS, FIRST BIRTH, FIRST CHILD, FIRST PREGNANCY, FIRST SEX, FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, GIRLS IN SCHOOL, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, HEALTH OUTCOMES, HEALTH PROBLEMS, HEALTH RISKS, HIGH SCHOOL, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, IDEAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN, IMPACT OF EDUCATION, IMPACT ON FERTILITY, INFANT, INFANT FEEDING, INFANT HEALTH, INTERVENTION, INTERVENTIONS, KIDS, KINDERGARTEN, KINSHIP, LARGE FAMILIES, LARGER FAMILIES, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVEL OF FERTILITY, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF FERTILITY, LITERACY, MASS MEDIA, MATERNAL EDUCATION, MATERNAL MORTALITY, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MORTALITY, MORTALITY RISKS, MOTHER, NATIONAL COUNCIL, NATIONAL LAWS, NATIONAL LEVEL, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUMBER OF WOMEN, NUTRITION, OBSTETRIC CARE, OBSTETRIC FISTULA, OLD SYSTEM, OLDER MOTHERS, OLDER STUDENTS, PHARMACIES, PHYSICAL MATURITY, PLACE OF RESIDENCE, POLICY LEVER, POLICY MAKERS, POLICY RESEARCH, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, POOR ADOLESCENT MOTHERS, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, POPULATION BULLETIN, POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU, POPULATION STUDIES, PREGNANCIES OF WOMEN, PREGNANCY RATES, PREGNANCY-RELATED DEATHS, PREGNANT STUDENTS, PREGNANT TEENAGERS, PREMATURE BIRTH, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL GRADUATES, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PRIOR TO MARRIAGE, PROGRESS, RADIO, REPRODUCTIVE AGE, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INDICATORS, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH POLICY, REPRODUCTIVE LIFE, RESULT OF PREGNANCY, RISK OF DEATH, RISK OF EXPOSURE, RISK OF PREGNANCY, RURAL AREAS, SAFE MOTHERHOOD, SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION, SCHOOL CURRICULUM, SECONDARY DEGREE, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, SELF-RELIANCE, SEX, SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, SIBLINGS, SINGLE CHILD, SIZE OF FAMILIES, SOCIAL CONTROL, SOCIAL SCIENCES, SOCIAL STATUS, SOCIALIZATION, SPILLOVER, SPOUSES, STATUS OF WOMEN, TEACHING, TEEN, TEEN PREGNANCIES, TEEN PREGNANCY, TEEN YEARS, TEENAGE CHILDBEARING, TEENAGE FERTILITY, TEENAGE MOTHERS, TEENAGE PREGNANCIES, TEENAGE PREGNANCY, TEENAGE WOMEN, TEENAGER, TEENAGERS, TEENS, URBAN AREAS, VACCINATION, WOMAN, YOUNG AGE, YOUNG MATERNAL AGE, YOUNG MOTHERS, YOUNG PEOPLE, YOUNG WOMAN, YOUNG WOMEN